The vatsvakurudzi dzakakurumbira uye Zvavakawana

Vatariri hwagara anokwezvwa vanhu, asi vasati havana dzinonakidza chete, asiwo zvakaoma. Territory vasina kudzidza, uye, achienda rwendo, munhu wose akava mutsvakurudzi. Ndezvipi Vafambi dzakakurumbira uye zvakananga kuti akavhura mumwe nomumwe wavo?

Dzheyms e

Rizivikanwe wokuEngland aiva mumwe yakanakisisa cartographers ari namasere remakore. Akaberekerwa nechokuchamhembe kweEngland, uye makore gumi namatatu vakatanga kushanda baba vake. Asi mukomana haana kukwanisa kutengeserana, saka akasarudza kuti kukwidza kufamba nechikepe. Mumazuva iwayo, zvose anozivikanwa nyika mufambi akatuma kunyika kure ngarava. James akatanga kufarira nepagungwa dzezvematongerwe uye nokukurumidza saka mberi kuburikidza panhengo, akakumbirwa kuti ave mukuru. Akaramba uye akaenda Royal Navy. Nechekare muna 1757 akava unyanzvi mubiki kudzora ngarava. budiriro wake wokutanga kukura St. Lawrence River Fairway. Akaona ake tarenda aidzidzisa uye cartographer. Munguva 1760s akadzidza Newfoundland, chii vakandoteka pfungwa Royal Society uye Admiralty. Akanga adzidziswa kufamba vachiyambuka Pacific, apo iye asvika mhenderekedzo New Zealand. Muna 1770, akaita chii akatanga kutsvaka dzimwe vafambi akakurumbira - akawana kondinendi itsva. KuEngland muna 1771-M Cook akadzokera inozivikanwa piyona kweAustralia. rwendo rwake okupedzisira aiva rwendo kunotsvaka ndima unobva Atlantic uye Pacific mumakungwa. Nhasi, kunyange mwana wechikoro anoziva anosuruvarisa kutapwa Cook, uyo akaurayiwa zvemo vari cannibals.

Hristofor Kolumb

Famous vatsvakurudzi Zvavakawana vagara aiva zvokutora simba pamusoro kosi kare, asi vashoma zvave zvakadaro nomukurumbira sezvo murume uyu. Columbus akava gamba renyika mu Spain, kusarudza kuwedzera map munyika. Christopher akaberekwa muna 1451. Mukomana nokukurumidza pachimwe, sezvo aiva nesimba uye zvakanaka kudzidza. Nechekare pazera 14 akaenda kugungwa. Munguva 1479th, akasangana rudo rwake uye akatanga upenyu muPortugal, asi mushure nezvorufu wake uye mwanakomana vakaenda Spain. Agamuchira rutsigiro mambo chiSpanish, akaenda pakundopambara ane chinangwa chaiva kuwana nzira Asia. Zvikepe matatu nechikepe kubva kumahombekombe Spain kumavirira. Muna October 1492 wechipiri chavainacho kuBahamas. Sezvo America yakawanikwa. Christopher veko vanokanganisa yakasarudza kudana maIndia, muchitenda kuti yakasvika India. Mushumo yake yachinja nhoroondo: makondinendi itsva mbiri uye zvitsuwa zvizhinji, yakawanikwa pedyo Columbus, vaiva chikuru mirayiridzo kufamba pamusoro colonialists inotevera emakore mashomanana.

Vasco da Gama

The yakakurumbira mufambi uyo akaberekwa muPortugal, Sines. Musi chaiwo aberekwa harizivikanwi. Kubvira achiri muduku, iye aishanda Navy uye akava nomukurumbira somunhu kuzvivimba uye asingatyi mukuru. Muna 1495 muPortugal akauya simba Korol Manuel, uyo aida kutanga kutengeserana India. Kuti aite izvi, taifanira gungwa nzira, kundotsvaka rakanga kuenda Vasco da Gama. Paiva vatsvakurudzi vakakurumbira zvikuru uye vafambi, asi mambo vamwe chikonzero vakasarudza izvozvo. Muna 1497, ngarava mana akaenda kumaodzanyemba, vakagumisa kuti Cape of Good Hope uye nechikepe Mozambique. Pane aifanira kumira kwemwedzi - hafu chikwata panguva iyoyo yakanga vachirwara chakakuvara. Mushure kwemasikati, Vasco da Gama asvika Calcutta. MuIndia, ndiko kuti pave kutengeserana ukama mwedzi mitatu, uye gore gare gare vakadzoka Portugal, kwaakabereka gamba renyika. Kuwanikwa mugungwa nzira, kunoita kuti vasvike Calcutta nokumabvazuva kweAfrica, waiva kubudirira kwake mukurusa.

Nikolai Maclay

Famous vafambi Russian uyewo zvinhu zvakawanda zvinokosha. Somuenzaniso, ndiye Nicholas Mihluho-Maclay, uyo akaberekwa muna 1864 mune Novgorod province. Akanga asingakwanisi kupedza St. Petersburg University, kana kuitawo mudzidzi mienzaniso akanga akadzingwa. Kuenderera mberi dzidzo Nikolay akaenda Germany, umo iye akasangana Haeckel - zvakasikwa uyo akakoka Maclay yake rwendo sayenzi. Saka kutsvakatsvaka nyika akavhurika kwaari. upenyu hwake hwose akanga akazvipira kuenda uye kutsvakurudza. Nicholas aigara Sisiri muAustralia, akadzidza New Guinea, embodying chirongwa yeRussian Geographical Society, akashanyira Indonesia, Philippines, iyo Malay Peninsula uye muna Oceania. Muna 1886, musayendisiti kuRussia uye zvairatidza mambo kuti akawana Russian nyika mhiri kwemakungwa. Asi basa racho pamwe New Guinea haana kugamuchira youmambo rutsigiro, uye Maclay akarwara ndokufa, saka haana kupedza basa rayo pamusoro bhuku pamusoro rwendo.

Ferdinand Magellan

Vazhinji vatsvakurudzi vakakurumbira uye vaishanya akagara Age pamusoro Discovery. Magellan hakuna anosara. Muna 1480 iye akaberekwa muPortugal, muna Sabroza. Aende kushumira mudare (panguva iyoyo aiva nemakore 12), akanga adzidza pamusoro nebope pakati musha nyika uye Spain, mufambe East Indies uye dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana. Sezvo akatanga kufarira mugungwa. Muna 1505-M Fernand yakarova chikepe. pashure kuti rire makungwa makore manomwe, muchirongwa dzakaitwa kuIndia uye Africa. Muna 1513 Magellan akaenda Morocco, paakange vakuvadzwa muhondo. Asi hazvina kufa kwazvo yokufamba - akaronga kuti rwendo ezvinonhuhwira. King vakaramba chikumbiro chake, uye Magellan akaenda Spain, apo akagamuchira rutsigiro zvakakodzera. Saka akatanga ake rwendo munyika. Fernand akafunga kungava mapfupi kupfuura nzira kubva kumavirira kuIndia. Iye akayambuka Atlantic, yakasvika South America uye akawana akakamanikana, iyo gare gare aizonzi nezita rake. Ferdinand Magellan aiva European wokutanga uyo akaona Pacific Ocean. Maererano naye, iye asvika kuPhilippines uye akapotsa kusvika chinangwa - the Moluccas, asi akaurayiwa muhondo marudzi omunharaunda, akuvadzwa museve muchetura. Zvisinei, rwendo rwake wakazaruka gungwa itsva Europe uye kunzwisisa kuti nyika iri kupfuura ndafunga masayendisiti asati.

Roald Amundsen

Norwegian vakazvarwa panoperera paraiitwa umo inozivikanwa vafambi vazhinji vakakurumbira. Amundsen aiva wekupedzisira vafambisi vechikepe, vakanga vachiedza kuwana vanzika nyika. Kubva pauduku siyana kusimba uye kutenda nemano avo kuti akwanise kukunda South kwavanogara danda. Pakutanga nzira chokuita 1893, apo mukomana akasiya yunivhesiti uye akatora kuzvikepe. Muna 1896 akava co-mutyairi, uye gore rakatevera akaenda ari ake rwendo yokutanga Antarctic. The chikepe yakarasika iri chando, kuti chikwata vairwara chakakuvara, asi Amundsen haana kukanda mapfumo. Akatora murayiro wavo, kurapa vanhu, achiyeuka dzidzo yake zvokurapa, uye vakauya chikepe vakadzokera Europe. Kuva mukuru muna 1903, akaenda kunotsvaka Northwest Passage muCanada. Famous vatsvakurudzi pamberi pake kumbobvira aita chinhu chakadai - mukati makore maviri chikwata kunokunda nzira kubva kumabvazuva yeAmerica yaro kumavirira. Amundsen akazivikanwa munyika yose. Zvichitevera-mwedzi miviri rwendo vakatanga kufora rakananga South plus uye zvino ichangoburwa - Search Nobile, panguva iyo akaenda chinoshayikwa.

David Livingstone

vafambi vazhinji vakakurumbira chokuita nomugungwa. David Livingstone akava muongorori wenyika, dzinova kondinendi African. The akakurumbira wokuScotland akaberekerwa March 1813. Pazera 20 akasarudza kuva mumishinari, akasangana Robert Moffat uye vaida kuenda kumisha African. Muna 1841 asvika Kuruman, achidzidzisa veko zvokurima, akashanda somutariri chiremba uye kudzidza kuverenga. Ikoko akadzidza mutauro Bechuanas, kwakamubatsira kufamba kuburikidza Africa. Livingston akadzidza muudzame upenyu uye tsika veko, akanyora mabhuku akawanda pamusoro pavo uye vakaenda kunosora kundotsvaka zvinyorwa murwizi, apo vanorwara uye vakafa fivha.

Amerigo Vespucci

Vafambi nomukurumbira kupfuura zvenyika kazhinji wakabva Spain kana nePortugal. Amerigo Vespucci akaberekerwa Italy uye akava mumwe yakakurumbira Florentines. Akanga vakanyatsodzidza uye vakadzidziswa kuva financier. Kubva 1490 aishanda Thiruvananthapuram, vari kutengesa hofisi Medici. Upenyu hwake yave chokuita gungwa kufamba Somuenzaniso, iye anondibhadharira rwendo kubva Columbus rechipiri. Christopher vakaroverera maari pfungwa kuedza rwake somunhu mufambi, uye muna 1499-M Vespucci akaenda Suriname. Chinangwa fundo kushambira yegungwa. Ikoko akawana nzvimbo inonzi Venezuela - Little Venice. Muna 1500, akadzokera kumba, kuunza varanda 200. Muna 1501 uye 1503 makore. Amerigo akadzokorora rwendo rwake, kutaura kwete chete wekushandisa asiwo cartographer. Akaona wakatanga apo panopinda Rio de Janeiro, iyo akapa zita pachayo. Kubva 1505 akashanda mambo Castile, uye haana muzvirongwa danidziro chete kukodzera kunze womumwe rwendo.

Frensis Dreyk

Vazhinji vatsvakurudzi nomukurumbira uye Zvavakawana akabereka kubatsirwa vanhu. Asi pakati pavo pane vaya vakasiya dzavo pachavo uye nezvakaipa ndangariro nokuti mazita avo kusonganirana kumbonyanya chisimba zviitiko. Zvakanga zvisiri Kunze uye Frensis Dreyk, Chirungu Protestant, pamwe gumi nechikepe magwa. Akakunda veko muCaribbean, vachitengesa navo sevaranda vokuSpain, vakarwisa dare uye akarwa nevaKaturike. Zvichida hapana aigona kubata Drake pamusoro nhamba zvikepe akabatwa yokumwe. nzendo dzake dzinorongwa Mambokadzi England. Muna 1577 akaenda South America, kukunda Spanish kugarwa. Pavaifamba, akawana Tierra Del Fuego uye Strait, vakazochinja ainzi vakamutevera. Skirting Argentina, Drake vakapamba chengarava Valparaiso, nemidziyo miviri Spanish. Vakati vasvika California, akasangana vaAborigine uyo akapa zvipo British fodya uye minhenga. Drake akayambuka Indian Ocean uye vakadzokera Plymouth, achiva womunyika UK rokutanga yave munyika rwokuparidza. Akanga vakabvuma kuti House of Commons uye paakavapa musoro Sir. Muna 1595 akafa rokupedzisira pamushandirapamwe muCaribbean.

Athanasius Nikitin

Shoma vafambi vakakurumbira Russia kubudirira chete miti sezvo chizvarwa Tver nyika. Athanasius Nikitin akava wokutanga European kuzoshanyira India. Iye akaenda Portuguese colonialists uye akanyora "Rwendo Beyond Three Seas" - chinokosha anodzidza uye nhoroondo Monument. Kubudirira rwendo akapa basa mushambadzi: Athanasius aiziva mitauro yakawanda uye akakwanisa kutaurirana nevanhu. In rwendo rwake, akashanyira Baku, vaigara Persia kweanoda kusvika makore maviri uye ukasvika India nechikepe. Pashure kushanyira maguta anoverengeka zvekumwe nyika, akaenda kuna Parvat, kwaakagara kwemakore matanhatu. Kamwe mudunhu Raichur, akaenda kuna Russia, tichigadzira nzira kuburikidza muArabhia Peninsula uye Somali. Zvisinei, Athanasius Nikitin ambogadzira kumusha, sezvo kurwara uye vakafa pedo Smolensk, asi ake manotsi anochengetwa inopiwa kune nomushambadzi nyika mbiri.