Yavaive muviri: marongerwo uye ushande. Excretory nhengo kwemhuka: tsananguro, ukoshi

Kuramba zvisingatomboiti azvipire muviri mumuviri, akadana homeostasis, achishandisa neurohumoral murau dzinotsanagura afemeruke, kugaya, kweropa zindoga uye maberekero. Nyaya iyi ichakurukurwa ne hurongwa nhengo yavaive dzevanhu nemhuka, avo marongerwo uye basa, uyewo kukosha metabolic siyana vari zvipenyu.

The zvipenyu kukosha allocating nhengo

Somugumisiro muviri kuitika muchitokisi nerimwe chipenyu muviri rinoungana yakawanda zvine chepfu, carbon dioxide, amoniya munyu. To avabvise munoda hurongwa iyo hakubvisi zvinokachidza kupinda zvakatipoteredza. Marongerwo kushanda excretory maitiro akadzidza anatomi uye physiology.

Nokuti kokutanga yoga nhengo yavaive anooneka invertebrate nemhuka bilateral symmetry. Masvingo miviri yavo akaumbwa matatu akaturikidzana, asi exo meso uye endoderm. Utachiona ava sandara uye kumativi makonye, uye iye excretory gadziriro ivo kumiririrwa protonephridia.

Sei kushandisa excretory mapazi ari flatworms uye nematodes

Protonephridia anomiririra kwegadziriro tubular idzodzo pakukoka kubva huru longitudinal gwara. Vari aumba kubva yokunze utachiona rukoko - exoderm. Muchetura uye zvakawandisa ions anonyorwa pemvura muviri honye kuburikidza pores.

Kuguma chomukati anopiwa neboka pezvakaitwa protonephridia - cilia kana flagella. Undulating kufamba kwavo mwoyo intercellular fluid izvo zvinobatsira kuti filtration kushanda excretory ducts.

Progressive kunzwisisa yavaive zvomukati kubva annelids

Annelids, akadai earthworms, Nereis, lobworm kubviswa muviri wako metabolic zvigadzirwa uchishandisa metanephridia - excretory nhengo nehonye. Vane chimiro sepombi, mumwe mugumo iyo leykovidno kuwedzerwa uye inopiwa cilia, uye mumwe anoenda mhuka pakavha uye pakazaruka - nguva. Kuomesa kwakaita Nhengo yavaive mu earthworms imhaka kuti kwaita yechipiri muviri mhango - coelom.

Zvakakurukurwa marongerwo mashandiro ari Malpighian tubules

The vamiririri arthropods akadai nhengo yavaive anotora chimiro branching tubules, umo kubva hemolymph - intracavitary mvura - takabatikana ichiputswa muviri nekusazvidzora mvura zvigadzirwa. Vari kunzi Malpighian tubules uye anowanzoramba vamiririri vekirasi arachnids nezvipembenene. Ekupedzisira, kuwedzera kune excretory ducts, pane mumwe muviri - mafuta muviri, izvo kuunganidza metabolic zvigadzirwa. Malpighian midziyo, izvo vakapinda zvine chepfu dzinoyerera kupinda muchikamu rwemberi ura. Kubva ipapo metabolites vari yabudiswa kubudikidza horo.

yavaive muviri mu crustaceans - crayfish, Lobster, Lobster, - anomiririrwa mumasero manyoro ayo dzakachinjwa metanephridia. Vari iri cephalothorax mhuka undovakira mujinga tunonzwa. Under mitema mumasero iri crustaceans dundira, excretory okutanga nguva.

Nhengo yavaive hove

Vamiririri vekirasi hove mhou ari mberi kuomesa yacho excretory hurongwa. Rine chimiro rima-tsvuku miviri Ribbon serin'i - hunde itsvo dziri pamusoro mhepo dundira. Kubva nomumwe wavo anosiya ureter kuburikidza iyo weti inoyerera kubva mukati dundira, uye kwava mariri - iri urogenital yokutanga. The vamiririri mukirasi nehove cartilaginous (Sharks, mwaranzi), kuti ureters zviri mukati cloaca uye dundira vasipo.

Inobva nemamiriro excretory ezvinhu, hove zvose mhou vanokamurwa muzvikwata zvitatu: kurarama mvura yakachena, munyu mvura, uye boka inonzi anadromous, kurarama zvose munyu uye mvura yakachena nokuda hunhu zviri kukonzera.

Freshwater hove (Bass, bream, kabhu, bream) kuti tisanyanyozvidya kuwedzera muviri yavo mvura tinofanira kubvisa yakawanda emura kuburikidza Malpighian tubules uye renal glomeruli. Saka, kabhu atakatora kusvika 120 Rine mamiririta mvura pa 1 kg kwake uremu, uye Catfish - kusvika 380-400 Rine mamiririta. Kune muviri asingadi kuona kusava munyu, Freshwater hove gills vave pombi, mvura iri pumped kubva yavaibvisa ions uye kuiisa chlorine. Marine upenyu - cod, seflounder, mackerel, - nekusiyana, vanotambura kushayikwa mvura mumuviri. Kuti adzivise kupera mvura mumuviri uye kuramba kuipa osmotic kumanikidzwa mumuviri, vanomanikidzwa kunwa mvura mugungwa, iro riri yakasvinwa ari itsvo, ndokunatsawo kubva munyu. Zvakawandisa yavaibvisa chloride yabviswa kuburikidza gills uye mutsvina yadzo.

Ita hove dzinotama, dzakadai European muramba, iri "chinja" Unyanzvi osmoregulation kuitwa itsvo gills, zvichienderana apo mumvura vari.

The excretory wemuTesitamende amphibians

Inotonhorera-vagere pasi-mvura ezvinhu, amphibian sezvo hove kubvisa inokuvadza metabolic zvigadzirwa mhiri pachena ganda uye mesonephros. In matatya, newts, kuCeylon rybozmeya yavaive muviri chinomiririrwa aiwanzopiwa wokushanda itsvo, riri pamusoro kana divi nomuzongoza, pamwe chiutsi kubva ureters vari ruchiyerera kupinda cloaca. Chikamu gaseous zvibereko muviri vanobviswa kwavari kuburikidza chiedza zvikamu kuti vanoita excretory basa, pamwe ganda.

Pelvic itsvo - huru mapazi shiri uye mhuka yavaive

Mukuita yemhindumupindu mesonephros mutate kuva kupfuura mberi chimiro excretory zvomukati - itsvo chiuno. Ivo dziri yakadzika mukati pelvic mhango, kunova pedyo cloaca mu zvinokambaira neshiri, uye pedyo gonads (testes uye ovaries) - mhuka. Weight uye bhuku netsvo vapiswa, asi mupise kugona kuti itsvo, nephron masero rwuchiwanzwa kwazvo, uye izvi zvinotungamirira ndechokuti yavaive zvomukati kubva mhuka vechigaro mukirasi shiri uye mhuka, zvakanyanya munatse ropa zvakapwanyika uye achengetedze muviri kubva kupera mvura mumuviri.

Mukuwedzera, shiri, mukusiyana vose vamwe pano vertebrates, hapana dundira, saka weti asingagari -wedzera mavari, uye ureter anopinda pakarepo kupinda cloaca, ipapo kunze. Ichi zano kuti kunoderedza muviri kurema shiri, izvo zvinokosha, vakapiwa kugona kwavo kubhururuka.

Filtration uye adsorption mashandiro womunhu itsvo

Muvanhu, excretory nhengo - itsvo - rinosvika soro kukura kwayo uye specialization. Inogona aionekwa zviduku (uremu vaviri vakura itsvo hakuiti pfuura 300 g) munhu zvipenyu Sefa, izvo transmits masero kuburikidza kwayo - nephrons kusvika 1,500 litres ropa pazuva. In physiology uye mishonga chakaipa nokushanda muviri batanidza zvikuru kukosha. Mugore Chinese hurongwa utano itsvo U-Shin ndivo chikuru chinhu youpenyu.

Renal parenchyma rine vanenge mamiriyoni 2 nephrons, ina Kamudzira pamusoro Bowman-Shymlanskaya umo muitiro inonzwika apo uye ropa uye paumbwe chikuru weti, convoluted tubules (loop pamusoro Henle), ichipa reabsorption - dzokubudisa zvokusarudza kuti shuga, mavhitaminzi, uye vakaderera samolecular uremu mapuroteni kubva chikuru weti, uye dzokerai kuna ropa rukova. Somugumisiro, reabsorption kuumbwa weti yechipiri. Rine nekumwisa mvura, munyu, urea. It drains the munzvimbo renal chiuno, uye kwavari - vari ureters uye kupinda dundira. Izvi kumativi 2 l / zuva. Kubva uyu yabviswa kuburikidza urethra chokunze.

Saka haana kubvumira kuunganidza mvura iri mhango viscera uye muviri kudhaka iri kudziviswa.

Kuti uwane excretory nhengo dzose metabolic zvigadzirwa

Uyezve itsvo achiita huru basa osmoregulation uye kubvisa zvakawandisa munyu uye muchetura, ubatanidzwewo excretory basa mumuviri womunhu anoshanda mumapapu, ganda, ziya omumuviri uye mumatumbu. Saka, somugumisiro gasi Exchange, chinozoiswa Formação de icho chiedza zvikamu rinowanika kubviswa carbon dioxide, chiutsi, chepfu, akadai manyowa zvibereko panyaya iyi. By excretion kuti ziya mumasero akabvisa urea, zvakawandisa munyu uye mvura. Chiropa, tisingaverengi aitungamirira basa iri zvomudumbu muitiro, inactivates ari hunokachidza Kuparara zvibereko mapuroteni, zvinodhaka, doro, munyu pamusoro cadmium uye mutobvu huri venous ropa.

Kushanda nhengo dzose (itsvo, bapu, ganda, zvomudumbu uye ziya mumasero), izvo tinoberekwa excretory basa rinopa chakaipa nzira metabolic siyana uye homeostasis.