Types rwezvemabhengi enyika. Central Bank. Network ezvokutengeserana mabhanga

Kubudirira kubudirira kwehupfumi hwenyika kunoda kushanda kwebhangi rinoshanda munyika. Pane nzira dzakawanda dzokuzvivakira. Asi kutanga, hutungamiri wenyika huchafanira kusarudza kuti ndeupi rudzi rwebhengi iyo inofanirwa kukura. Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvepachiitiko munyaya ino zvingaita kuti nyika irerekere?

Chii chinonzi mabhengi?

Tisati tatsvaga nzvimbo iyo mabhengi angarongedzerwa (maitiro, chimiro chemuenzaniso wega wega), tichatsarudza chirevo chezwi iri mubvunzo. Ndeipi nzira dzakajairika dzevanotsvakurudza pakuzivisa kwechirevo chinowirirana?

Munharaunda yeRussia inyanzvi, mabhizinesi ehurumende anonyanya kunzwisiswa sepakati pekubatana pakati pehurumende, masangano akasiyana-siyana nemasangano, vanhu nemamwe masangano epamutemo, umo maitiro emitemo nemari nemari yemari inoitwa. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinogona kuitika kuburikidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana. Mari yebhengi iyo inzvimbo yezvemari iyo inokosha chikamu chehupfumi hwenyika yose.

Chinokosha chekukurukurirana kwakananga nekubatanidzwa kwehurumende, masangano edzimhosva uye vanhu pachavo zvakanyanya kugadziriswa nemhando yebhengi. Tichadzidza zvavanogona kuva.

Kurongwa kwebhengi

Kune zvikonzero zvakawanda zvekugadzirisa mabhengi. Mumutauro weRussia, pfungwa yokuti zvikwereti zvezvemari zvinogona kumira mumitambo mikuru inotevera yakawanda:

- kuparidzira (kana imwe yezinga) system;

- shanduko system;

- misika (kana maviri-level) system.

Ngatitorei zvavanotaura zvakanyanya.

Single-level system

Izvo zvakarongeka zvehurongwa hwebhangi hunofungidzira, saka, kugoverwa kwemasangano emari ari oga.

Zvavanoreva ndezvekuvapo kwekutaurirana kwakakwana pakati pezvikwereti zvekubhadhara, kushandiswa kwemabasa ekuchengetedza kwevanhu kuburikidza nehutsika hwepasi rose nemitemo. Rudzi rwakarongeka rwebhengi rinowanzofananidzira kune nyika dzine hupfumi husati dzagadziriswa, uyewo kune dzimwe nyika umo nzira dzekushandisa dzekutarisira hurongwa hwehupfumi huri kuitwa.

Two-level system

Pfungwa iri pasi pekufungisisa, mukati mekushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemabhengi ehurumende inotsanangurwa, inorevawo kugoverwa kwezvikamu zviviri zvezvemari.

Mukati yehutano hwekupedzisira huri pakati pezvikwereti zvinoshandiswa zvose zviri mukati uye zvakananga ndege. Nezvechipiri maitiro, kubatana pakati peCentral Bank - chinhu chikuru chekugadzirisa zvemari muhurumende-uye nechezasi zvinoreva. Mukati mekugadzirisa nzira yakakosha, hutano hunosimbiswa pakati pevamwe muhutano hwemamiriro epamutemo nezvikwereti zvikwereti. Basa reCentral Bank mune maviri-tier system ndechekuita kuti hurumende yezvigaro zvezvemari, uyewo mukushandiswa kwemaitiro macroeconomic.

Soviet model ye sangano rebhengi

Mhando dzemabhengi emabhengi atinenge taongororwa pamusoro apa haatauri zvakakwana nesangano rezvemari rinowanikwa munguva yeSoviet - nemhaka yekuti ine zviitiko zvakasiyana zvakasiyana. Izvi zvinoratidzei munzira ipi? Pamusoro peizvi taona kuti imwe yenhamba yebhengi yehurumende inotora imwe nzira yekukurukura pakati pezvikwereti zvemari - zvakananga. Vaviri vacho vanofunga kuti Central Bank inobatanidzawo nekuita kwekubatana kwezvivako zvemari.

Kutaura nezveSoviet model, mumwe haagoni kutaura kuti yakanyatsoratidzwa nezviratidzo zvekutanga kana wechipiri mhando dzezvirongwa. Ichokwadi ndechokuti mabhandi muUSSR akashanda mumamiriro ezvinhu ekutaura kwepakati uye kunyatsoteerera kuBurumende. Iko ndiko kuti, kwete kukurukurirana kwakakwana pakati pavo zvakangoitika hazvina kuitika. Uyewo, chero ipi zvayo inoita kuti zvikwanisike kusiyanisa maitiro maviri ekubatana pakati pezvikwereti zvemari muUSSR zvakare zvakaoma kuona. Ichokwadi ndechekuti Bhengi yeHurumende yaiva chikamu chebato rimwe chete rebhengi rehurumende, uye basa rayo, rakafanana neyo iyo Central Bank yeRussia iri kuita iye zvino, yakanga isingatarisirwi kugadziriswa kwemari uye mutemo. Basa rayo rakaratidzwa chaizvoizvo mukupa huwandu hwakazara hwebasa rebhangi rakapiwa nemutemo kuburikidza nehutano hwemabanki emunharaunda.

Panguva imwecheteyo, vamwe vatsvakurudzi ndevamwe vanofunga kuti maonero eSoviet ezvo sangano rebasa rechikwereti nemasangano ezvemari kusvika kune rimwe rudzi rwemhando. Ndeipi nharo dzemakadzi panyaya iyi? Ichokwadi ndeyekuti State Bank yeU.SR, ine hurumende inenge iine mhando dzose dzemabhengi emabhengi, chaizvoizvo, yakava "imwe yero" yekutengesa kukuru. Kune vanotsvakurudza vanogadzira chikwereti uye mari yehurumende yeU.SR nedzimwe nyika, iyo iyo mitungamiri yehutungamiri yehupfumi hwezvehupfumi inofananidzwa, sechimiro chakasiyana-centralized.

Transition system

Ndezvipi zviratidzo zvebasa rekushandura mabhengi? Inogona kutsvaga nhaurirano inofananidzwa, zvose kune rumwe rutivi rwepamusoro-soro yemasangano emari, uye kune maviri-matare. Munyaya yekutanga, pangave neine mubvunzo wekuvapo kwebhengi iyo, maererano nehutori, inobata chikamu chakakura munyika yose yechikwereti nemari yezvemari uye panguva imwe chete inochengetedza rusununguko kubva kuBentral Central maererano nekushandisa mitemo yezvemari, kukurudzira mushamba, nekugadzira matanho ekufambisa mberi. Kune rumwe rutivi, mari yebhengi yenyika ingave nehurumende iyo inotarisanawo nechepamusoro kuCentral Bank nekuchengetedza uchangamire hwavo mukati memiganhu yakagadzwa nemutemo.

Mazuva ano mabanki system yeRussian Federation

Saka, takaongorora maitiro makuru emabhengi mukati mehutano hwemazano akave akapararira pakati pevanyori vemazuva ano. Kutaura nezvemazuva ano emari ekuRussia, vanogona sei kutaridzwa?

Pamusoro pezvizhinji zvezvinhu izvi, bhaganisi yehurumende yeRussian Federation ine maviri-tier. Inenge isingashandisi mari yezvemari, iyo isingabhadhari kuCentral Bank. Uyewo, bhaganisi yehurumende yeRussian Federation inotanga kushanda kwenhamba yakawanda yezvikwereti zvikwereti zvinoshamwaridzana pamwe chete mune imwe ndege yakanyanyisa. ICentral Bank yeRussian Federation inoshandisa zvose zvisizvo uye zvekutonga mabasa. Inopa mabhangi nechisimba kuburikidza nekuvapa zvikwereti maererano neshoko rinokosha.

Panguva imwecheteyo, vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti rudzi rweRussian banking system rwakasanganiswa. Asi kwete nenzira yekubatanidza zvikamu zve-single-level uye maviri-level mienzaniso, asi mune chimwe chinhu chekuvapo kwezvimwe zvinhu izvo zvinoratidzika zveSoviet system yehurumende yenheyo yekambani inoenderana nemari. Nyanzvi dzinopikisa pfungwa iyi nekuti mabhanga anotungamira muRussia mabhanga ehurumende. Izvi zvinosanganisira Sberbank, VTB, Rosselkhozbank. Izvi zvinotemera kuti chokwadi, nyika, kufanana neBurumende Bank yeU.SR, inonyatsochengeta chikwereti chenyika uye mari yehurumende iri pasi pesimba. Uyewo, Russian Federation yakanyatsogadzira mabhengi emhando yemisika, zvichiratidza kuti mune chikamu chairo chezvinhu zvebhizimisi pachava nenhamba yakawanda yevatambi vanobatana nechepamusoro. Ichi chimiro chimiro chemuenzaniso wezvikamu zviviri.

Cherechedza kuti pamberi pe USSR - munguva dzeUsia hweRussia - munyika yedu kunewo yakagadziridzwa yakagadziridzwa mabhengi. Yakanga yakarongeka, maererano nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda, kuburikidza nekubudirira kwakasimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, ruzivo rwezvakaitika zvemakore iwayo kune rumwe rutivi rwakashanda kuRussia yemazuva ano.

Nhoroondo yepasi rose

Sezvo tadzidza mitemo inokosha iyo mabhangi uye bhandi rehurumende yeRussia inoshanda, regai titarise chokwadi chinonyanya kukosha pamusoro pebasa rekodzero yezvemari kune dzimwe nyika. Ichave yakakosha zvikuru kunyatsotarisa kune zvakaitika kune hupfumi hwekuMadokero kwenyika. Kubudirira kwebhangi rekuRussia kunoitwa mukati mehutungamiri hwomutungamiri wehurumende. Zviri pachena, ruzivo rweWestern rinotaura nenzira iyi risingaenzaniswi.

Nzira dzekutora basa rebhangi

Pakati pezviitiko zvakakurumbira zvinoratidzira mabhizinesi emazuva ano kumadokero kwenyika kuongorora zvakare nzira dzekunzwisisa basa rebhangi muhupfumi hwenyika. Nyaya yacho ndeyokuti kumadokero kwenyika classical chikwereti uye masangano emari haisi ivo chete vatambi vari mumusika unobatanidzwa. Yakarongwa kusimbisa basa uye kukosha kwehupfumi hwenyika dzisiri dzebhengi. Izvo zvivako zvinogona kuita mabasa anowanikwa mune imwe nzvimbo pedyo neyezviitiko zvebhengi dzekare: somuenzaniso, kupa zvibvumirano zvekubvuma kubhadhara, kuita kuti kushandiswa kwemari yekugadzirisa mari. Panguva imwecheteyo, basa rezvivako zvakadaro haringadi chireisheni kubva kuCentral Bank uye hazvikwanisi kuongororwa zvakasimba munyaya iyo yekuteerera mitemo yezvemari, inoshandiswa nevatungamiriri vehurumende maererano nebhangi.

Zvechokwadi, masangano akadaro ari kutoshanda achishanda muRussia. Izvi zvinosanganisira kunyanya magwaro ekubhadhara, pamwe chete nemasangano makuru. Zvechokwadi, hazvikwanisi kuverengwa mumabhangi, asi panguva imwechete vanogona kupa maitiro anowanikwa kune zvekare zvezvemari. Maererano nevamwe vatsvakurudzi, zvakananga zvebasa reEPS, masangano emarikimari uye mamwe maitiro asina kubhengi muRussia ndeyokuti mutongi ari kuda kubatanidza zvigadziro zvinotungamirira mabasa ezvigadzirwa zvemarudzi ari mubvunzo uye mabhizinesi ekare. Ndeipi nharo dzemakadzi anoomerera pane ino maonero? Nokudaro, vanotsvakurudza vanodavira kuti Mutemo "Pamusoro pemagetsi ekubhadhara mari" zvinongoratidzikawo zvinoratidza kuti kubatana kwepamutemo kunobatanidza. Somuenzaniso, pamusoro pekutsanangurira mutengi webasa rakakodzera. Kana mumakore ekutanga ekushanda kweEPS muRussia nokuda kwekushandisa zvizere zvemari yekubhadhara zvemagetsi muRussia, munhu haafaniri kuratidza huzivikanwa hwake, kubva panguva yekupfuura mutemo uri mubvunzo, zvakadai zvakasimuka.

Uyewo, kumadokero, basa rebhengi, sezvo vamwe vaongorori vanotaura, inofungidzirwa mune imwe mamiriro akasiyana. EPS uye vamwe vatambi vasiri veboka reklasi yemari dzemari vanofanira, maererano neimwe yezvinyorwa zvinozivikanwa, vanofanira kuita niche yakasiyana iyo isiri yakanamana zvakananga nebhangi. Asi ndeipi nzira inogona kuderedza kuparadzana kwezvikamu zviviri?

Nokudaro, maererano nevatsvakurudzi, mabhengi uye mabanho ehurumende anoshevedzwa kuti aite zvinotevera mabasa:

- Dhipatimendi mabasa kune vanhu nemamwe masangano edzimhosva ane chivimbo chakazara chekuchengetedzwa kwemari;

- sangano remabhizimisi emabasa ekutengesa kwemari nezvose zviratidzo zvekukosha kwepamutemo;

- kupiwa kwe "zvikwereti" kwenguva refu (zvikwereti, zvikwereti kune vashandi).

Nekudaro, zvisati zvisiri mabhengi zvigadziro zvinofanira, maererano nemumwe wezvidzidzo zvinozivikanwa, funga nezvezvinhu zvinotevera:

-kupa nekutsvaga nekuvimbika kwekubhadhara mari, kubvuma mari yehupfumi nemasangano ehurumende;

- Kupihwa kwehupfumi hwekugadzira hutano hwekubhadhara matikiti emhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutakura;

- kupa zvikwereti "zviduku" (zvikurukuru izvo zvinonzi se microcredits);

- Kukurudzira kubudirira kwekutengesa kwepaIndaneti.

Aya ndiwo mazano anokosha anoratidza kusiyana pakati pebato rekodhi yemari uye masangano emari uye masangano asiri ebhengi munyika dzekuMadokero. Iko pfungwa iyi inowirirana sei nemutambo weRussia wekutengesa mari? Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, nheyo dzinokosha dzakataurwa pamusoro apa dzakanyatsokodzera kuRussian Federation. Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti muchengeti wehurumende ave nechokwadi chekuita kwakakwana kwekutsigirwa kwemabasa evatengesi mumashamba anobatsira.

Mabhizimisi ezvokutengeserana uye mabhengi

Munyika dzakawanda dzekuMadokero, mabhangi anoshandiswa (uye izvi ndeimwe imwe nzira inogona kuenzanisa kusarudzira maitiro anowirirana) kune avo vanoita chikwereti nemari yebasa, uye izvo zvinowanzoita mabasa ekutsvaga (ane chokuita nekutenga uye kutengeswa kwezvikamu, kuchengetedzwa, nekudaro Etc.). Saka, somuenzaniso, muUnited States iyo ndiyo chaizvo miviri yakasiyana yemasangano. Mamiriro acho akafanana muJapan. MuRussia, kune tsika iyo imwe brand inogona kugadzira masuniti anotarisira mabhizinesi nemabasa ekutsvaga mari. Semuenzaniso, muchimiro chekubata VTB mune zvivako "VTB24" uye "VTB Capital". Ikutanga inobatanidzwa kubhengi, yechipiri - zvakafanana nemabasa ekutsvaga.

Basa reCentral Bank

Zviratidzo zvebasa reNational Banking System zvinonyanya kugadziriswa nemamwe mabasa eCentral Bank, basa rayo muhupfumi hwehurumende. Ndezvipi nzira dzekunzwisisa kwayo mune hupfumi huri nani hupfumi?

Kune dzimwe nyika umo Central Bank inonyanya kuronga yehurumende yemari yehurumende. Pakati pavo - Australia, Ireland, Italy. Mune dzimwe nyika, Central Bank inoparadzanisa basa pamwe nemamwe masangano - chiitiko chakafanana chakagadzirwa muU.S., Germany, France. Pakati pezvirongwa zvinonakidza zvehutano hwebhanga rehurumende yehurumende ndeyeAmerica.

Nokudaro, muhutano hwekambani yezvemari muUnited States pane chaizvoizvo marudzi mana emasangano:

- Masangano emakwereti ehurumende ;

- mabhizimusi enyika ari chikamu cheState Reserve System;

- mabhengi ayo haasi chikamu cheSFS, asi anowirirana neFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation;

- zvikwereti zvekwereti zvisingawirirane nemasangano anotaurwa.

Iyo yakabatwa munyaya iyi yakafanana neAnalogue yeCentral Bank, iyo inoita basa rekusunungura uye inochengetedza kushandiswa. Zvisinei, zvikwereti zvisingabatanidzi nemabasa eHedgeal Reserve System zvinogonawo kushanda muUnited States.

Zvitarisiro zvekugadzirwa kwebhangi system yeRussian Federation

Saka, takadzidza pfungwa uye maitiro emabhengi. Ndeupi wezvinyorwa zvinokurudzira zvekodzero yezvemari yakakosha kuRussia? Mhinduro yemubvunzo uyu inosanganisira kuongororwa kwakaoma kwehupfumi, hutano, uye nenzira dzakawanda zvakare tsika netsika dzezvakaitika izvo zvinoratidzira kufambira mberi kweRussian Federation sehurumende. Maererano nevatsvakurudzi vakawanda, matambudziko eRussian banking system, ayo anoonekwa iye zvino, kunyanya, kufarira kwakanyanya kune zvikwereti, iyo yakanyanya kuvimba kweRussia masangano emari kune dzimwe chikwereti, yakagara yafanirwa nokuti vazhinji vekuMadokero vari kuendeswa kubhengi muRussia Federation Pasinei nekufungisisa nyika yakananga yekukurukurirana pakati pehurumende, bhizimisi uye vagari munharaunda iyi.

Panyaya iyi, nyanzvi dzakawanda vanofunga kuti zvinobatsira kuongorora kwete chete zvakaitika kumadokero nyika maererano kukura tsika mari akakodzera, asiwo nhoroondo muenzaniso kushanda masangano chikwereti muRussia. Uyezve, ivo, sezvataona apa, kunge zvaiitikawo kwenguva yakareba uye vakanga anozivikanwa, maererano nedzimwe vatsvakurudzi, yakakwirira mwero Sophistication. Saka kushanda ari Russian nhoroondo mhando rwezvemabhengi hurongwa hwavo unhu rirege zvisinganyanyi kukosha tsime unyanzvi tichitarisa kuvandudza muenzaniso kuitwa nehurumende yenyika guru zvakanaka.