Vezvenhau, zvakanakisisa chipo, zvokudya pfungwa ... The bhuku - chii ichi?

Mumwe nomumwe wedu anoziva kuti bhuku. A diki asi anodhura chinhu kuti mwoyo, nokuvhura nyika itsva. Special rudo kuona connoisseurs vechokwadi mabhuku, bhuku vanoda vasingakwanisi kurarama zuva pasina kuverenga. Munyika mune kupatsanura yose mabhuku mabasa. Ivo zvisingapindirani dzinoverengeka features, asi kazhinji kacho vane chete mashoko - mushumo ruzivo kuti muverengi. Tinoedza kupindura mubvunzo: "? Bhuku - chii ichi".

mashoko chinja

Nhoroondo yebhuku anoenda kure kudzokera remakore rapfuura. Anongove zvino isu anoshandiswa aimuona ari butiro rakanaka rakaoma butiro, izvo anobvumira kuchengeta unhu kwemakore anouya. Kuita chinhu chinokosha pakusikwa bhuku sechinhu kuona mufananidzo pamusoro mutengi Acharipa hapana zvishoma kunokunda kugutsikana.

Asi shure, tinogona kutaura kuti vari nyore kunzwisisa bhuku - ndicho nokupfuuridzirwa mashoko, shoko yakanyorerwa mumwe munhu. Nokudaro - chido chinyakare vanhu kuti kuchinjwa nezivo kune zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Ipapo kuita hapana nzira. Kunyange zvakadaro, vamiririri mararamiro ekare akawana nzira yokubuda.

Chii chaiva wokutanga?

Kana tava kuenda shoko-maumbirwo, pamwe Proto-necheSalvic "bhuku" mutauro - iri akapeta, stapled machira, iyo mipumburu yakatsiviwa. ruzivo pokunyora maitiro razova chinokosha knigorazvitiya. Kuchengeta nayo, namadzibaba edu tega nzira dzinoshanda okuti. Wokutanga vakava evhu, uye mushure kosi akaenda simbi machira kuhukura.

Plates vaiva yakadzikama okuchengetera svikiro. Clay uye wakisi, vari zvakafanana zvaisanganisira zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira kushandisa pavo. Saka, mumutsetse wokutanga, ndiro aifanira kupisa kukiya rugwaro iri zvisingachinji. Kana kushandisa Wakisi chinyorwa inogona kudzimwa. MuRoma yekare vaishandisa mapuranga, zvakabatanidzwa nomumwe. Inotaurwa sezvo Code, vakaumba yazvino kumumvuri bhuku.

Development bhuku zvinogona

Zvinozivikanwa kuti muIjipiti yekare aishandisa nhokwe, izvo vaiona mubereki yaizivikanwa kwatiri nhasi mapepa. machira ake akanga akabatana mipumburu - yepakutanga zvinogona mabhuku, izvo, pamwe chete nemakwati, zvinonzi nevakawanda kushandisa. KuMiddle Ages akaparadzirwa ruoko-akanyorwa mabhuku (zvinyorwa). Dzakasikirwa anokosha Mumusangano, uye vaya vakanga yakanaka manyorero, akanga afunga panzvimbo munyori. The Kudhinda inks kushandiswa uye tsanga zvinyoreso. Papera mavara, anobvumira kuti kupenda mipumburu rakaiswa.

Woodcuts (mu notation ano, template iyi vakawanda pevara) akatanga kuoneka XIV remakore. Wood richivezwa munhu chizvaro, riri pamucheto kupinda ingi uye akadhindwa pamusoro maBhaibheri mashomanana. Munguva yedu, kwakadaro nzira inoita nyore kopi.

bhuku nzvimbo kukura mabhuku

The pakuonekwa Russian mabhuku Old chokuita pakasikwa statehood muRussia muna IX remakore. Munguva kunyora chiKristu kwatova. Panguva ino zvinosanganisira kusikwa Glagolitic nearufabheti, izvo zvakazoita kuti paumbwe arufabheti, rakagara richidudzirwa nezvavo savakuru Cyrillic arufabheti. Kuitwa chiKristu kwakaratidzwa pamwe mharuro bhuku tsika. Mumwe mabasa ekutanga chaiko aiva "Mharidzo Mutemo uye Nyasha," rakanyorwa Metropolitan Hilarion ari XI remakore. Pave paya pane "The zvakaedza zvekare Years" uye "Instruction" Vladimir Monomakh. Uchiteverwa "The Lay pamusoro Igor", "kuti zvakaedza kuparadzwa ryazan".

With kukura mabhuku Russian bhuku inotevera remakore wokuwana pahupamhi pachena kukosha. Chiedza mbudo Classics Pushkina (vaiona baba muvambi mabhuku), University, Tolstoho, Turgeneva nevamwe vanyori zhinji inozvikudza. Gold, Silver Age uchatamisa kodzero dzavo kuti ano zera - kunoratidzwa ne isati yamboitwa kuwedzera rokubudisa uye veMubatanidzwa vakawanda vanyori kwakasiyana-siyana.

Cherechedzai inofanira kubhadharwa kuti Russian mabhuku yaitonga Soviet Union. It aizivikanwa nguva zviomere nyika. Vanyori vakawanda vave kumanikidzwa kupinda muutapwa, asi Kazhinji hakusi kukonzerwa nokusava kuzivikanwa Classics mabasa. Over zana awana nzvimbo yayo nhetembo, musoro hondo nokumukira, nhoroondo ingano, satire, renyaya, zvinoshamisa mirayiridzo, lyrics, mashiripiti realism, musasa, mumaruwa uye mumaguta senhema. Kunyanya mberi kwave asingazivikanwi kana zvishoma-anozivikanwa kwokutanga Genres pamusoro mutikitivha thriller, kudanana, post-modernism, realism, conceptualism, Chirevo, chiNazi realism. Not ose muverengi ano kunzwisisa izvi pfungwa, asi kuvapo senyika yakazvimirira Genre.

Authors mabasa

Nokufamba kare rinonzi kuverengwa vakapedzisira vava kuziva wandei vanyori. Authors bhuku haisi unhu. Asi, vakanga "vakaberekerwa vana vakawanda", kazhinji kunyora pamusoro zvavakaona vakavapoteredza. Paiva nevaya aimiririra voruzhinji nepfungwa itsva dzisina pakarepo kuwana kuzivikanwa. Nokuti avo anonyanya kufanana kufungidzira Genre uye ayo chakajeka vamiririri: Vladimir Obruchev, Alexander Belyayev, Grigory Adamov, Vasily Aksenov, Kiri Bulychev, Ivan Efremov Anatoly Dnieper. Muchanza kurudyi vane Strugatsky hama, kunoonekwa sechinhu chaiwo of Soviet renyaya.

Munyika yanhasi, verenga bhuku richiri kushanda. Sechikamu hurumende pachiitiko Gore Literature chirongwa inotakura nhevedzano mabasa zvainanga kuwedzera kukosha bhuku. mumaraibhurari akawanda munyika achava mitambo, kushambadza, kukwikwidza. Ose bhuku anoda achabudirira chinhu chitsva uye zvinonakidza.

Modern bhuku zvinogona, kuwedzera kune zvatinosiita bhuku nzira zvinosanganisira yemagetsi uye zvakarekodhwa mabhuku. Chokutanga rakagadzirirwa kuverengwa iri digital svikiro. Kazhinji ndivo CD uye DVD CD-ROMs, DVD vatambi, pamahwendefa. Second chinhu iri chokwadi kuti kuteerera, nokuti ine ruzha yakarekodwa.

bhuku nhasi

In mamiriro bhuku rave kuchinja akawanda. Kuramba maonero kiyi zvigadzirwa akadhindwa, rakakamurwa periodicals, kemabhuku uye Albums, yaizivikanwa kwatiri bhuku zvinogona yaakaita kushanda zvokunyorwa nemaoko kana kopi zvakaoma, hwakajeka mifananidzo, nyoro uye dzakaoma nemikombe. Asi kazhinji zvakaita kutenda kuti bhuku - iri nesayenzi kana mabhuku mabasa muchimiro akasungwa shanduro kudhindwa.