Weti: sezvamunoita uye zvivako

The tsvina muviri ndiwo weti. sezvamunoita Its, uyewo nhamba mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako, kunyange vanhu utano dzinotsauka uye kuvimba zvakawanda Hakuna Basa zvikonzero kuti havasi ngozi uye regai kukonzera chero zvirwere. Asi pane vakawanda zviratidzo, kunorondedzerwa murabhoritari panguva nemiedzo kuti anoratidza zvakasiyana-siyana zvirwere. Nokufungidzira kuti muviri hausi zvose zvakanaka, unogona kuita pachako uye vanoda chete anokwezvera vamwe hunhu weti yavo.

Sezvazvakanyorwa anoshandura weti

The inotungamirwa uye Kuronga weti ane utano munhu kunobva zvikurukuru pamusoro itsvo mitoro (tsinga, muviri, kurovedza uye dzimwe), izvo anogamuchira muviri. Zuva nezuva, kuti itsvo iri akagura pachake kusvika 1500 litres ropa. Apo zvikuru, nokuti munhu waro paavhareji chete 5 litres? Chokwadi uyu mvura zvinyama kana muviri Urume (saka, zvakare, anonzi ropa) kuti zuva kupfuura itsvo vanenge 300 nguva.

Nendima nerimwe kubudikidza capillaries masero renal kunoitika nayo anatswa kubva pasingadiwi matongo muviri, uye mamwe mapurotini. Sei? The pamusoro capillaries vane mutete chaizvo masvingo. masero dzavo constituent anoshanda ari mhando firita mupenyu. Vane hombe nezvimedu uye mvura akapfuura, vamwe munyu, amino acids kuti seep kuva rinokosha Kamudzira. Urume uku kunonzi chepuraimari weti. Ropa anopinda renal tubules apo kubva capsules akawanda pandakadzosera yakasvinwa fuma, uye akasara goho kuburikidza ureters uye urethra chokunze. Zviri rakajairika kwatiri weti zvose yechipiri. Zvinoumba (physico-zvemakemikari uye zvipenyu uyewo ph) kunotemwa murabhoritari, asi vamwe rokutanga pepa rehurukuro kunogona kuitwa pamba. Kuti aite izvi, ukanyatsoongorora vamwe hunhu weti yavo.

quantitative zviratidzi

Of ichipfuura nehafu chiuru litres kuti itsvo ropa cull anenge 180. Kana kuzodzosera filtration, mari iyi ipfupi kuti 1.5-2 litres, inova chokukomborerwa zvokudya uwandu iyo zuva rimwe hwakanaka munhu anofanira dzinounzwa weti. Murwiyo uye Huwandu zvingava siyana, zvichienderana:

• nguva yegore uye mamiriro okunze (muzhizha uye kupisa ari chimbadzo);
• fiznagruzok;
• zera;
• uwandu emura akadhakwa maawa (avhareji weti vhoriyamu ndiyo 80% nemvura kupinda muviri);
• zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Kutsauka kubva quantitative dzemunharaunda mu kana mirayiridzo inogona kuva chiratidzo zvinotevera zvirwere:

• polyuria (anopfuura 2 litres kuti weti pazuva) angava chiratidzo tsinga zvirwere, chirwere cheshuga, edema, exudate, i.e. mura kuparadzana mune nhengo;
• oliguria (weti 0.5 L zvichidzika) mumwoyo uye renal kukundikana uye zvimwe zvirwere renal, dyspepsia, nephrosclerosis;
• anuria (0.2 L zvichidzika) - nephritis chiratidzo, yomumuzongoza, chenjera renal kukundikana, namamota, urolithiasis, kurwadza kwacho mune Urinary turakiti.

Nokudaro weti ringave mashoma kana, Ukuwo, kakawanda, kurwadza kuwedzera usiku. With vose zvarakasiya izvi vanofanira kuona chiremba.

ruvara

The Zvinoumba weti kwevanhu kwakabatana zvakananga ayo ruvara. Last tsanangura zvimwe zvinhu urochrome secreted bile pigments. Uyezve, mashoko yellower uye zvakawanda zvine (yepamusoro arambe achirema) kuti weti. Zvinonzi vaiona muupenyu ruvara kubva Mashanga tsvuku. Vamwe zvokudya (beets, makarotsi) uye zvinodhaka ( "Amidopyrine", "asipurini", "furadonin" uye vamwe) achinje ruvara weti iri Pink kana orenji, riri vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo. The mufananidzo edzai ruvara weti.

Chirwere aripo vagara vandifungira zvinotevera ruvara kuchinja:

• dzvuku, dzimwe nguva muchimiro nyama slops (glomerulonephritis, porphyria, hemolytic dambudziko);
• achiipa of yakaunganidzwa weti mumhepo kusvikira nhema (homogentisuria);
• shava (chiropa, jaundice);
• ndachena chena (Piura, kureva kuvapo pus);
• greenish, rinokwanisa kucheneruka (putrefaction ari ura).

munhuhwi

Pane zvakachinjwa Zvinoumba weti dzevanhu uye zvingaratidza nezvechisarudzo ichi. Saka, kuvapo kwezvirwere zvinogona vaifungidzira kana zvinotevera scents kudzora:

• acetone (ketonuria chiratidzo);
• faeces (Escherichia coli coli chirwere);
• amoniya (zvinoreva cystitis);
• hachifadzi chaizvo chinonyangadza (ari Urinary turakiti purulent ane fistula ari mhango);
• makabheji, mazambiringa (kuvapo malabsorption methionine);
• ziya (isovaleric acidemia kana glutaric acid);
• decomposing hove (Trimethylaminuria chirwere);
• "Mouse" (phenylketonuria).

Kazhinji, weti ine kunzwa kunhuwa uye zviri pachena. Uyewo, imba inogona aongororwe weti kana furo. Nokuti chinangwa ichi zvakafanira kuunganidza ari mudziyo, nokudzungudza. The pakuonekwa zhinji, refu achigadzirira furo inoratidza kuvapo mapuroteni mairi. Uyezve, mamwe mashoko, ongororo zvinofanira kuitwa ne unyanzvi.

Turbidity, arambe achirema, acidity

Murabhoritari, kuti weti anoongororwa kuti ruvara uye kunhuwidza. Uyewo inotifungisa ayo pachena. Kana murwere turbid weti, murwiyo zvingasanganisira utachiona, munyu, madzihwa, mafuta, cellular zvinhu erythrocytes.

hwevanhu weti arambe achirema vanofanira kuva kuwanda 1010-1024 g / fő. Kana zviri yakakwirira, inoratidza kupera muviri, kana kudzika - chakasimba renal kukundikana.

Acidity (ph) vanofanira kuva kuwanda kubva 5 kusvika ku7 Nhamba iyi inogona siyana zvichienderana munhu vakagamuchira chikafu uye mishonga. Kana izvi zviri kunze, pazasi ph 5 (acidic weti) zvingaratidza murwere ketoacidosis, hypokalemia, manyoka, lactic acidosis. At ph pamusoro 7 anogona kuvapo ari murwere pyelonephritis, cystitis, hyperkalemia, chisingaperi renal kukundikana, thyroid hyperfunction nevamwe zvirwere.

Albuminuria

Chinonyanya pamamiriro fuma nekufemera marongerwo uye zvivako zviri weti, ane puroteni. Kazhinji zvinofanira kuva mukuru kune 0.033 g / fő, i.e. 33 MG pa fő. In vacheche mufananidzo uyu angava 30-50 MG / l. Vakadzi vane pamuviri, mapuroteni ari weti inenge nguva dzose zvinoreva mamwe matambudziko. Zvakanga kare vaifunga kuti kuvapo chikamu ichi vari kuwanda kubva 30 kusvika 300 MG microalbuminuria zvinoreva, uye kupfuura 300 MG - macroalbuminuria (chirwere cheitsvo). Zvino kuona pamberi mapuroteni nezuva weti, uye kwete nenzira chikwata, uye uwandu aro 300 MG ari pamuviri hakunganzi zvokurwara.

Protein mu weti kunogona vanomboenda (imwe-nguva) kuwedzera nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:

• postural (muviri nezvenzvimbo muchadenga);
• fiznagruzki;
• febrile (nefivha uye dzimwe fivha);
• nokuti kujeka zvikonzero vanhu hwakanaka.

Protein ari weti kubudikidza akadzokorora assays anonzi proteinuria. Zviri:

• (. Ane puroteni kuti 150 kusvika 500 MG / d) nyoro - iri zviratidzo zvisaitike nephritis, obstructive uropathy, poststreptococcal chakasimba uye chisingaperi glomerulonephritis, tubulopathy;
• (. 500 kusvika 2000 MG / zuva mapuroteni mu weti) mwero - ndiko poststreptokokovogo zviratidzo rikwanise glomerulonephritis; nhaka nephritis uye chisingaperi glomerulonephritis;
• akazivisa (vanopfuura 2,000 MG / zuva. mapuroteni ari weti), zvichiratidza kuti murwere ane amyloidosis, nephrotic syndrome.

Erythrocytes uye leukocytes

The sezvamunoita yechipiri ingasanganisira weti vanonzi vakarongeka (Organic) precipitate. Chinosanganisira kuvapo erythrocytes, leukocytes, tudonhwe sandara, cylindrical kana cubic muchitokisi epithelium. Nokuti mumwe nomumwe wavo ane pachake mitemo yayo.

1. Red masero eropa. Kazhinji, havasi varume nevakadzi zviri mharidzo 1-3. A duku nekumwisa inonzi nemaziso haematuria uye chinokosha - kwakakomba hematuria. Zviri chiratidzo:

• cheitsvo;
• Zvokurwara of dundira;
• Blood zvinoyerera ari urogenital ino.

2. White masero eropa. Ndozvakajairwa vakadzi - varume 10 - kusvikira 7 mharidzo. The zvakawandisa mari raireva leykotseturiey. Nguva dzose anotaura magetsi kushoma (chirwere ane nhengo). Uye kana leukocytes iri mharidzo 60, uye mamwe weti anova yero-uswa ruvara, uye chinonyangadza kunhuhwirira anova turbid. Kuwana leukocytes, rabhoritari anosarudza hunhu hwavo. Kana utachiona, zvino murwere ane zvirwere uye kana asina kwemabhakitiriya, leykotseturii chikonzero nezvinetso itsvo tishu.

3. mumasero squamous epithelium. Kazhinji, varume navakadzi, kuti ivo kana vasina kana dzakava iri mharidzo 1-3. Nekumwisa zvinoratidza cystitis, mushonga kana dismetabolic nephropathy.

4. nezvimedu epithelium cylindrical kana cubical. Kazhinji, kwete. Nekumwisa anoratidza anogumbura zvirwere (cystitis, urethritis, etc.).

munyu

Uyezve sangano, Kuronga weti bvunzo kunotema unorganized (inorganic) precipitate. siyana ake vakasiya munyu, izvo kazhinji havafaniri kuva. At ph 5, zvishoma munyu angava sezvinotevera.

1. Urata (mhaka - murombo zvokudya, gout). Vanotarisira yakafanana gobvu chidhinha-blue precipitate.
2. Oxalate (oxalic asidhi pamwe zvinhu kana chirwere - chirwere cheshuga, pyelonephritis, colitis, kuzvimba ari peritoneum). munyu izvi hazvina kupendwa, vanotarira akafanana octagons.
3. Uric acid. indekisi ichi anonzi nevamwe tsika kubva 3 kusvika 9 mmol / l. Zvakawandisa kutaura pamusoro itsvo nokukundikana nezvinetso nemudumbu. Rinogonawo kupfuura pasi mupfungwa. The crystals pamusoro uric acid, zvakasiyana-siyana. In gwaro, ivo kuwana ruvara jecha yendarama.
4. Sulphate kwesuko. Kashoma chena precipitate.

At ph pamusoro 7 munyu dzakadaro:

• phosphates (chikonzero vava zvigadzirwa ine yakawanda calcium, phosphorus, vhitamini D, kana chirwere - cystitis, hyperparathyroidism, fivha, kurutsa, Fanconi urwere); munyu izvi precipitate michena weti;
• tripelfosfaty (chete zvikonzero sapamazuva phosphates);
• Ammonium urate.

Kuvapo yakawanda munyu kunotungamirira kuti paumbwe itsvo namabwe.

sepombi

The Kuchinja Zvinoumba weti iri yekudyidzana kukanganiswa nezvirwere chokuita neitsvo. Zvadaro, vakaunganidza ivhu zvinochengetwa masero cylindrical. Zvinoumba coagulated mapuroteni kubva renal tubular epithelial masero, masero eropa uye nevamwe. Fani iyi inonzi tselindruriey. Kusiyanisa zvinotevera sepombi.

1. Hyaline (curdled mapuroteni mamorekuru kana Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins). Kazhinji 1-2 chete mharidzo. Zvakawandisa panguva fiznagruzki guru, kwokupisa ezvinhu, nephrotic urwere, itsvo matambudziko.
2. Granular (vakaramba vakabatana masvingo kwakakanganiswa masero renal tubules). The chikonzero - yakanyanya kuzotadzira itsvo zvivako.
3. Wax (coagulated mapuroteni). Kuoneka mune nephrotic urwere, uye kuparadzwa kwezvipfuwo epithelium iri tubule.
4. Epithelial. Kuvapo kwavo weti zvinoratidza Kumwe kuchinja kunotanga ari itsvo tubules.
5. Erythrocyte (masero matsvuku ropa, vakabatirira hyaline sepombi). Rinooneka kana hematuria.
6. Leukocyte (zvinonzi laminated kana chena muropa masero bofu). Vanowanzoororwa kuwanikwa pachiimbwa pus uye fibrin mapuroteni.

shuga

Makemikari anoumba weti uye kuratidza kuvapo shuga (shuga). Kazhinji, hachisi. For zvakarurama Data akaongorora DSA chete mhosva, sezvo deurinatsii wechipiri (weti). Kuonekwa kweshuga 2.8-3 mmol / zuva. Hazvina vaitirei chirwere. Zvakawandisa kunogona kukonzerwa:

• chirwere cheshuga;
• endocrinological zvirwere nechisikirwo;
• nezvinetso rwatata uye chiropa;
• renal zvirwere.

In pamuviri, mwero shuga iri weti zvishoma yepamusoro uye akaenzana 6 MG / zuva. Pamusoro kuonekwa kuti shuga kunodiwa kupedza vari weti uye ropa bvunzo kuti shuga.

Bilirubin uye urobilinogen

The Zvinoumba kwomuzvarirwo weti bilirubin haisi zvaisanganisira. Kana pane, hazvina kuwana nemhaka shoma mari. Kuwanikwa uchapupu zvirwere zvakadai:

• chiropa;
• jaundice;
• cirrhosis;
• nezvinetso nduru dundira.

Weti bilirubin ane ruvara zvakasimba, kubvira nerima tsvuku kuti shava, uye pamwe nokubatana majana yellowish furo.

Urobilinogen, iro rinobva munhu conjugated bilirubin, nguva dzose aripo ari weti sezvo urobilin (tsvuku ruvara). Ndozvakajairwa iri weti varume 0,3-2,1 dzakabatana. Ehrlich nevakadzi 0.1 - 1,1 dzakabatana. Ehrlich (Ehrlich dzakabatana -. 1 MG urobilinogen 1 deciliter weti). Mari iri pasi dzose chiratidzo jaundice kana mamwewo matambudziko anokonzerwa nemimwe mishonga. Kwazvo tsika dzinoratidza nechinetso chiropa kana hemolytic kupererwa neropa.