Natural polymer - pokushandisa nzira uye

Most ano zvokuvakisa, Pharmaceuticals, micheka, mhuri nyaya, kavha uye consumable zvinhu zviri Polymers. Ko boka yeimwe vane maitiro zvinhu. Vakawanda vavo, asi pasinei ichi, nhamba Polymers kuramba ichiwedzera. Pashure pezvose chakaita zvokugadzirwa mishonga vakaona ose gore rakaramba itsva zvinhu. Muchiitiko chino, inokosha nguva dzose yakanga dzinongoitika polymer. Ndezvipi mamorekuru izvi zvinoshamisa? Ndezvipi unhu hwavo uye ndezvipi zvinhu? Mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi munyaya.

Polymers: mukuru unhu

Mumaonero kemisitiri, ari polymer anoonekwa kuti morekuru ane guru samolecular uremu kubva chiuru shoma kumamiriyoni dzakabatana. Zvisinei, kunze ichi inoti, pachine zvimwe umo nefuma inogona chaizvoizvo semhosva dzinongoitika uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa Polymers. Ivo:

• nguva kudzokorora monomer zviyero, ayo zvakabatanidzwa pachishandiswa dzakasiyana mukukurukurirana;
• dhigirii polymerase (i.e., nhamba monomers) anofanira kuva mukuru kwazvo, zvimwe mukomboni aizopiwa imwe oligomer;
• Pakusarudza spatial wezwi iri macromolecule;
• kuva inokosha mumuviri uye makemikari zvivako rakasiyana kuboka.

Kazhinji, nefuma yose polymeric hunhu distinguishable nevamwe zvikuru nyore. Mumwe ane chete kutarisa nzira yake kuchiona. Muenzaniso ndiro rinozivikanwa polyethylene, vari zvinowanzoshandiswa mumhuri uye indasitiri. Zviri rakavapo pamusoro polymerization kuita, izvo anopinda unsaturated yeHydrocarbon ndiyo ethene kana ethylene. The kuita unowanzoonekwa zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera:

nCH ₂ = CH ₂ → (-CH-CH-) _N, apo N - ndiwo mwero polymerization kuti mamorekuru kuratidza sezvo monomer dzakabatana zvaisanganisira kwaro sezvamunoita.

Uyewo sezvo muenzaniso, ndezvomuzvarirwo polymer izvo zvinozivikanwa, starch ichi. Uyezve, mune boka iri yeimwe ndiko amylopectin, cellulose, huku mapuroteni uye vazhinji zvimwe zvinhu.

Zvaakazoita, izvo kwakaguma macromolecule inogona kuumbwa, muri mhando mbiri:

• polymerization;
• polycondensation.

Musiyano uri kuti kana yechipiri, maitiro zvigadzirwa vakaderera samolecular uremu. The nemamiriro polymer anogona siyana, zvichienderana maatomu kuti kunobvumirwa nayo. Kazhinji kune Linear siyana, asi kune-dimensional matatu pajira riya, chaizvo kunzwisisa.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro mauto uye mukukurukurirana vanobatisisa monomer anokwana zviyero pamwechete, zvinokwanisika kuziva inokosha shoma:

• Van der Waals masimba;
• mushonga Bonding (covalent, Ionic);
• elektronostaticheskoe kudyidzana.

Polymers All haagoni kubatanidzwa kupinda chimwe chikamu nokuti vane yakasiyana zvachose hunhu, nzira inotungamirwa uye mabasa dissimilar mabasa. ehupfumi yavo uyewo zvakasiyana. Naizvozvo, pane kupatsanura unokubvumira kugovana zvose nhengo dzeboka iri zvinhu muzvikamu zvakasiyana. Kwakavakirwa angarara zviratidzo zvinoverengeka.

kupatsanura pakati Polymers

Kana tikatora hwaro Qualitative Zvinoumba mamorekuru, vose zvinhu zvinogona kutsunga mumapoka matatu.

1. The organics - avo ane kabhoni, rehydrogen, sarufa, okisijeni, phosphorus, senitrogen. Kureva vaya zvinhu zviri biogenic. Miyenzaniso uremu polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, rayon, zvinhu zvenaironi, dzinongoitika polymer - mapuroteni, nucleic asidhi uye zvichingodaro.
2. Elementorganic - a sezvamunoita yakadaro zvinosanganisira zvimwe extraneous inorganic uye biogenic maatomu akafanana. Kakawanda iri nesilicon, aruminiyamu kana titanium. Mienzaniso macromolecules dzakadaro: makemikari magirazi, steklopolimery, anoumbwa nevazhinji zvinhu.
3. Inorganic - nhema pa hwaro neketani nesilicon maatomu pachinzvimbo kabhoni. The radicals angavawo chikamu matavi lateral. Vakazarura sezvo uno pakati XX remakore. Inoshandiswa mukurapa, kuvaka, engineering nezvimwe maindasitiri. Mienzaniso silicone, cinnabar.

Kana iwe inokamurwa Polymers ari mavambo, zvinokwanisika kuziva matatu boka ravo.

1. Natural Polymers ane unoshandiswa nevakawanda kuitwa tsaru. Ava macromolecules kuti kusikwa izvo munhu asingadi kuti chero nesimba. Ndivo zvigadzirwa yezvakaita zvaiitwa. Mienzaniso: nesirika, shinda, mapuroteni, nucleic acid, starch, cellulose, matehwe, donje uye nevamwe.
2. Chokunyepera. Ava macromolecules kuti vakasikwa nemunhu, asi maererano dzinongoitika analogues. Izvozvo chete kuvandudza uye agoshandura zvivako chine zviripo rwokuzvarwa polymer. Mienzaniso: chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha, rabha.
3. Chakaita zvokugadzirwa - Polymers izvi, pakusikwa izvo chete munhu anobatanidzwa. Natural analogues ikoko. Masayendisiti kuva nzira synthesizing zvinhu zvitsva izvo zvakasiyana kuna nani unongotaura. Saka vanoberekwa kuti chakaita zvokugadzirwa polymeric yeimwe vemarudzi ose. Mienzaniso: polyethylene, polypropylene, rayon, acetate nokusanzwira uye zvakafanana.

Pane rumwe rutivi, inova hwaro kupatsanurwa nezvinhu zviri muboka. reactivity ichi uye chafariz nemishonga. Govera mhando mbiri parameter ichi:

• thermoplastic;
• thermosets.

The akawanda ekare, zvinokosha uye chinokosha zvikuru kuchiri dzinongoitika polymer. ehupfumi ayo akasiyana. Naizvozvo, isu inotevera tarisai zviri chikamu ichi macromolecules.

Ndeupi fuma wechisikigo polymer?

Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, tinofanira kutanga tarisa iwe. Dzinoitwa isu? Utachiona yakatipoteredza vanodya, kufema, bereka, maruva uye michero uye mbeu Living. Uye vari kubva samolecular pfungwa maonero? It kungatowedzera akadai:

• mapuroteni;
• nucleic acids;
• polysaccharides.

Saka, yepanyama polymer ndiko, mumwe nomumwe pamusoro yeimwe. Saka, zvinoita sokuti upenyu yakatipota, panongova anoonga pamberi mamorekuru izvi. Kubvira kare, vanhu vakashandisa dope, mixes negadziriso kusimbisa uye kuvaka dzimba, yakarukwa mutsvuku, shinda, kushandiswa kusika donje zvipfeko, nesirika, shinda uye ganda nemhuka. Natural Organic Polymers akaperekedza murume ari mumatanho ose ayo inotungamirwa uye kubudirira, uye munzira dzakawanda akamubatsira vabudirire zvabuda kuti tine nhasi.

The chaiye kupa zvose noupenyu vanhu kwakanga panokwanisika sezvinobvira. Nokufamba kwenguva, mukuru rabha wawanikwa, izvozvo yakajekesa ehupfumi zvayo kunoshamisa. Man akadzidza kushandisa chikafu kuti starch, ari hwokugadzira - cellulose. Natural polymer uye ari camphor, iro rinozivikanwa kubva munguva dzekare. Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, mapuroteni, nucleic acids - Vose mienzaniso yeimwe pasi kukurukurwa.

Sechivako dzinongoitika Polymers

Havasi nhengo dzose mukirasi iyi yeimwe zvakafanana yakarongeka. Saka, njodzi dzinongoitika uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa Polymers dzingasiyana zvikuru. mamorekuru dzavo nezvatinovavarira kuitira kuti kupfuura kunobatsira uye zvakakunakira kuripo panyaya simba. Zvisinei, zhinji dzinongoitika mhando vanokwanisa kuzvimba nechivako dzavo muitiro kuchinja. Kune akawanda vakawanda dzakasiyana pamusoro cheni mamiriro:

• Linear;
• mapazi;
• stellate;
• pamhama;
• yepasi;
• tepi;
• mizinga.

Chakagadzirwa uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa macromolecules vamiririri vane guru guru kwazvo, akawandisa maatomu. Zvasikwa pamwe zvakananga achida ehupfumi. Naizvozvo, nemamiriro avo pakutanga aronga murume. Natural Polymers kakawanda kana Linear kana yepasi pamusoro chivako.

Mienzaniso dzinongoitika macromolecules

Natural uye chakaita zvokugadzirwa Polymers vari pedyo zvikuru mumwe. Pashure pokutanga achiva hwaro wechipiri. Mienzaniso transformations dzakadaro dzakawanda. Heano mamwe acho.

1. Kwakajairika mapurasitiki samafuta chena - iri chigadzirwa yaunganidzwa Mabatirwo cellulose pamwe nitric asidhi pamwe kuwedzera rwokuzvarwa camphor. The polymerization kuita zvinoita nokuomesa pamusoro polymer vakawana uye kutendeuka kuti aida chigadzirwa. A plasticizer - camphor, zvichiita vanokwanisa kunyoroveswa apo nenharo uye kushandura chimiro chavo.
2. Acetate nesirika, cuprammonium faibha, viscose - vose mienzaniso pemavara, fibers, izvo vakawana pahwaro cellulose. Nemicheka yaigadzirwa dzinongoitika donje uye mucheka hauna simba, kwete kupenya, nyore crease. Asi chakagadzirwa analogues kwokusakwana izvi kunyimwa, izvo zvinoita kushandiswa wavo anokwezva zvikuru.
3. ibwe chakagadzirwa, zvokuvakisa, wemisanganiswa, dehwe - zvakare mienzaniso Polymers zvinobva dzinongoitika zvinhu.

A venhumbi uri dzinongoitika polymer, uye anogona kushandiswa kwaro rechokwadi chimiro. Mienzaniso yakadaro vakawandisa:

• rosin;
• Amber;
• starch;
• amylopectin;
• cellulose;
• mbava;
• shinda;
• donje;
• sirika;
• simende;
• ivhu;
• madota;
• mapuroteni;
• nucleic asidhi uye zvichingodaro.

Zviri pachena kuti pamberi pedu boka yeimwe riri guru kwazvo, kushanda anokosha uye kuchinakidza vanhu. Zvino ngatikurukurei muudzame zvimwe vamiririri dzinongoitika Polymers, izvo dzakakurumbira chaizvo panguva iyoyo.

Sirika nemvere

The yemaitiro rwokuzvarwa sirika polymer yakaoma, nokuti ayo makemikari anoumba kunoratidzwa zvinotevera:

• fibroin;
• sericin;
• waxes;
• kwemafuta.

Pachake zvikuru mapuroteni - fibroin, ane nhengo zvikuru amino asidhi marudzi. Kana varipo kune polypeptide cheni, zvichava seizvi: (-NH-CH ₂ -CO-NH-CH (CH ₃₎ -CO-NH-CH ₂ -CO-) _n. Uye ichi ndicho chete chikamu chacho. Kana isu fungidzira kuti kune chivako achishandisa Van Der Waals anobatana haidereri kunzwisisa sericin mapuroteni Morekuru, vari kusanganiswa pamwe chete conformation ane wakisi uye mafuta, zvinonzwisisika nei zvakaoma chinoreva payakavakirwa dzinongoitika sirika.

To musi, zvakawanda chigadzirwa ichi anopa China, nokuti ayo akazaruka dzezvimwe, pane zvakasikwa dzinogarisana nokuda huru mugadziri - silkworm. Kare, kubva kare, dzinongoitika sirika kunoongwa zvikuru. Kutenga mbatya kwaari kugona chete anokudzwa, vapfumi. Nhasi, vakawanda zvechadenga zvinyama murombo. Somuenzaniso, iye magnetized zvakasimba uye yakaunyana, mukuwedzera, kuona zuva anorasikirwa kubwinya kwayo uye kukanganisa. Naizvozvo, kwenguva refu kushandisa chakaita zvokugadzirwa nomukaka dzaro.

Shinda - asiwo dzinongoitika polymer somunhu yemudzimu anokosha ganda uye mumasero sebaceous dzemhuka. Zvichienderana ichi puroteni chigadzirwa kugadzirwa knitwear, izvo, kufanana sirika, ane zvinhu zvinokosha.

sitachi

Natural starch chibereko polymer chirimwa upenyu. Ivo kubereka nayo somugumisiro nedanho photosynthesis uye kuunganidza munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzomuviri. Its makemikari anoumba:

• amylopectin;
• amylose;
• Alpha-shuga.

The spatial maumbirwo starch ari mapazi chaizvo, disordered. Nokuda zvaisanganisira amylopectin, zviri anokwanisa kuzvimba nemvura, kuva anonzi namatidza. Izvi colloidal mhinduro rinoshandiswa unyanzvi uye indasitiri. Medicine, zvokudya maindasitiri, kugadzirwa Wallpaper adhesives - zviri zvakare kushandisa pfuma.

Pakati miti ane kunonyanyisa uwandu starch vangazivikanwa:

• nezviyo;
• matapiri;
• mupunga;
• gorosi;
• mufarinya;
• oats;
• Buckwheat;
• mabhanana;
• mhunga.

Pahwaro uyu biopolymer kubheka chingwa, kuti Pasta, bikai mondo, bota nezvimwe zvokudya zvinogadzirwa.

cellulose

Mumaonero wekemisitiri nefuma - iri polymer ane sezvamunoita kunoratidzwa kubva yemaitiro (C ₆ H ₅ O _{5) n.} Monomer chikwata cheni chinhu Beta-shuga. nzvimbo Zvikuru cellulose tigutsikane - ndiyo masvingo musero zvinomera. Ndokusaka huni - tsime rinokosha akakura ichi.

Cellulose - wechisikigo polymer kuti ane Linear spatial marongerwo. Rinoshandiswa kuti pagadzirwe zvinotevera marudzi zvigadzirwa:

• pulp nebepa zvinogadzirwa;
• chakagadzirwa mbava;
• Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana fibers nomunhu;
• donje;
• mapurasitiki;
• isina chiutsi upfu;
• Mafirimu uye zvichingodaro.

Zviri pachena kuti maindasitiri mutengo wayo mukuru. To remubatanidzwa ichi chinogona kushandiswa mukurima, chinofanira kuva kutanga dzokubvisa kubva mumiti. Izvi zvinoitwa kuramba kubika huni iri rinokosha namano. Kupfuurirazve kugadzira, uyewo reagents zvinoshandiswa kugaya zvakasiyana. Kune nzira dzakawanda:

• sulfite;
• nitrate;
• soda;
• sulfate.

Mushure kurapa kwakadaro, chigadzirwa uchine tsvina. At moyo lignin ichi uye hemicellulose. Kubvisa wavo, pulp ikarapwa kuiisa chlorine kana alkali.

Muvanhu, hapana utachiona catalysts yakadaro kuti vakakwanisa nokuputsa kunzwisisa ichi biopolymer. Zvisinei, dzimwe mhuka (herbivores), dzakashandisa ichi. dumbu ravo agadzirise zvimwe utachiona kuti zvinoita kwavari. Asi zvinenge zvinowana simba kuti upenyu uye dzinogarisana. Ichi chimiro symbiosis kunobatsira chaizvo kuti mapato maviri.

rabha

Izvi dzinongoitika polymer rine zvinokosha zvoupfumi ukoshi. Kokutanga zvakanzi rakarondedzerwa Robert Cook, uyo mune rimwe yokufamba ake kumuwana. Zvino sezvizvi. Tadzika pachitsuwa apo venyika akararama isingazivikanwi kwaari, akanga noushamwari navo. pfungwa dzake akanga nokukwezvwa vemo vana, vaya vakaita kujairika nyaya. muviri ichi idenderedzwa iri vamutye kubva pasi uye akakwakuka yakakwirira mudenga, akadzokera.

Bvunza vanhu vepo pamusoro chii unoitwa kubva wokutamba ichi, Cook akaziva kuti ichi solidifies muto muti - Hevea. Pave paya, kwakaonekwa kuti ichi chinhu biopolymer rabha.

The kwemakemikari hunhu mukomboni kuzivikanwa - ndiko isoprene, dzinongoitika ndavhiyiwa polymerization. Formula rabha (C ₅ H _{8) n.} ehupfumi Its, nokuda chaakanga zvikuru zvokuti anoonekwa, sezvinotevera:

• elasticity;
• mukurumari;
• magetsi kuputira;
• risingapindi mvura.

Zvisinei, pane zvainovhiringidzawo. In chando ezvinhu zvinova kusimba uye pfava, uye kupisa - namuka uye viscous. Ndokusaka kwaidiwa kuti kwetunhu analogues kubata kana kuti chakaita zvokugadzirwa chawo. Nhasi rubbers vari zvinowanzoshandiswa engineering maindasitiri mafomu. Chinonyanya kukosha zvigadzirwa kwakavakirwa kwavari:

• rabha;
• Ebony.

dombo shora

Zviri muropa polymer, sezvo nebwe riri nechivako kwayo, he chimiro chayo. Spatial mamiriro - zvidhina amorphous polymer. Zvikuru zvinobata moto, zvinogona vesa murazvo machisa. Rine luminescence ehupfumi. Ichi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo uye chinokosha quality, iyo inoshandiswa zvishongo. Zvishongo pahwaro rinopenya akanaka pakutarisika uye kudiwa.

Mukuwedzera, biopolymer kushandiswa zvokurapa zvinangwa. Nokuti kugadzirwa sandpaper pendi coatings kune hukawanika siyana.