Yakachena yatinofema zvakasikwa

Pamutemo muna 1774 ne Chirungu kemisiti Dzhozefom Pristli okisijeni (O2) wakashamira. Somugumisiro kuedza kuitwa mune namahwindo mumudziyo pamwe mekuri oxide, achifuridzirwa chezuva rinotungamirirwa izvo zvakanga Kuwedzera kwayo: 2HgO → O2 ↑ + 2Hg. zvinhu izvi gaseous kunoratidzwa munhu arambe achirema panguva dzekudya ezvinhu 0.00142897 g / cm³, munhu matadza Vhoriyamu 14.0 cm³ / Chidembo, Inzvimbo kutosvika kubvisa 218,2 ° C uye kubika kupisa kubvisa 182,81 ° C. Matadza gobvu akaenzana 15,9994 g / mol. The chikuru chinoratidza okisijeni - kukwanisa rayo oxidize chepfu zvakasiyana siyana. Sezvo chinoshingaira vasiri-metal, O2 zvaanoita pamwe simbi dzose inotungamirwa chikuru uye amphoteric oxides, uyewo zvose vasiri simbi (kunze halogen) kuwana asidhi kana nesoleobrazuyuschie oxides.

Okisijeni dziri kupfuura chiuru zvinhu, sezvo iri Inonyanya munyika makemikari maatomu akafanana. Ndiye nhengo siyana makemikari (kune vanopfuura chiuru namazana mashanu). Yakasimba zviri pasi goko O2 vakaenzana 47,4%. Marine uye yakachena mvura mugove yaro iri vakasungwa nehurumende nyaya kuti 88,8% uremu. Mumhepo reokisijeni iri yepachena ezvinhu, zviri akaenzana vhoriyamu chikamu vanenge 21%, uye vakawanda - 23.1%. It kunokosha constituent kuti makemikari zvinhu kuti varipo muchitokisi zvipenyu zvose. By bhuku iri yaanochengetera 25% uye 65% uremu. yakachena yatinofema zvakasikwa nokuda kwayo nemakemikari basa.

The kutenderera ndiyo nhevedzano kuchinja yamarudzi, semubairo icho anodzokera pokutangira, uye anodzokorora nzira yose. Okisijeni biogeochemical kutenderera inofamba. Kubudikidza nepano O2 biotic Verengai zvinhu zvipenyu zvose (the biosphere, kana mapazi upenyu Panyika) uye abiotic (lithosphere, mhepo uye hydrosphere) zvakatipoteredza. okisijeni kutenderera inorondedzera kufamba yaro hydrosphere (guru mvura yaiva pasi pasi uye pamusoro pemvura), mhepo (mhepo) ari biosphere (pose Verengai zvinhu zvipenyu zvose) uye lithosphere (goko). Kutyorwa ichi kutenderera ari hydrosphere kungaita kuti hypoxic (yakaderera O2) munzvimbo dzine guru madhamu uye munyanza. The chikuru uchityaira chinokonzera ndiko photosynthesis.

Ecological hurongwa (mararamiro ezvinhu zviripo) zvakawanda biogeochemical zvinogara, kushanda akafanana yavo. Somuenzaniso, mvura izonaya, ichitanga okisijeni, kuparadzirwa senitrogen, carbon, etc. All zvine maatomu akafanana zviri mugwara, inova chikamu biogeochemical zvinogara. Vane chinokosha zvipenyu, asiwo kufamba kuburikidza mararamiro ezvinhu zviripo abiotic ezvinhu. Ndiyo mvura (hydrosphere), goko paNyika (the lithosphere) uye mhepo (mhepo). Zvipenyu kuzadza goko Nyika akadana biosphere. zvinovaka muviri zvose zvakadai sekabhoni, senitrogen, okisijeni, phosphorus nesarufa, vari kushandiswa uye tiri chikamu namahwindo ezvinhu, saka vari zvishandiswezve uye kwete vakarasika uye kukasawedzerwa dzose, dzakadai pachena hurongwa.

Kudeuka Dam O2 (99,5%) ndiye nemakwati uye pasi nejasi, sezvamakaropafadzwa zvichinzi huri silicate uye oxide zvicherwa. okisijeni ingress kutenderera akapa chete chiduku chikamu muchimiro rusununguko O2 ari biosphere (0.01%) uye mhepo (0.36%). Kwainyanya kubva mumhepo O2 chepachena photosynthesis. Products ayo Organic zvinhu vakasununguka okisijeni aumba kubva carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura: 6CO2 + 6H2O + simba → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Nokuti yakachena yatinofema ari biosphere sei nyika zvinomera, phytoplankton uye nyanza. Tiny zvomumvura cyanobacteria (zvitema-rwegirini algae) Prochlorococcus, kukura 0,6 microns, dzakafukunurwa 1986 gore. Ivo pamusana inopfuura hafu zvibereko photosynthesis pachena munyanza. Rimwezve kunobva rinowanikwa mumhepo okisijeni ndiyo Chiitiko kuti photolysis (kwemakemikari maitiro kunokonzerwa kuitwa photons). Somugumisiro mvura ratinoona uye nitrous oxide vari dissociated kupinda constituent maatomu, rehydrogen (H) uye senitrogen (N) nzvimbo vanobviswa, uye O2 mumhepo iri: 2H2O + simba → 4h + O2 uye 2N2O + simba → 4N + O2. Atmospheric okisijeni wapera vakasununguka zvipenyu zviri kufema uye kuora kwendangariro. Lithosphere anoshandisa akasununguka O2 somugumisiro kwemakemikari weathering uye pamusoro zvavaifunga. Somuenzaniso, zvinonzi rwapedzwa nokuumbwa resimbi oxides (Ngura): 4FeO + O2 → 2Fe2O3 kana zvimwe oxides kuti simbi uye nonmetals.

okisijeni kutenderera zvakare rinosanganisira loop pakati lithosphere uye biosphere. Marine zvinenge zviri biosphere kushanda manyuko karusiyamu carbonate (CaCO3), iro rine O2. Kana muviri unofa, ayo goko yakwidzwa nokuti kudzika pegungwa apo pane nguva refu kuti aumbe reraimu (emadhaka goko). Weathering pezvakaitwa kupa biosphere vanogonawo buritsa vakasununguka okisijeni yacho lithosphere. Plants uye Animals akapora zvinovaka muviri kubva emadhaka uye kusunungurwa okisijeni.