Nhoroondo wefizikisi: dzenguva yefizikisi uye Zvavakawana

Kunyange zvazvo nhoroondo wefizikisi sezvo yakazvimirira nesayenzi chete kwakatanga XVII remakore, yakatangira kwazvo dzekare, apo vanhu vakatanga kuronga ruzivo yake yokutanga pamusoro nyika yakavapoteredza. Kusvikira dzazvino vaiva dzinongoitika uzivi uye zvaisanganisira ruzivo pamusoro Vanamakanika, nezvenyeredzi uye physiology. Nhoroondo yechokwadi wefizikisi atanga nekuvongwa kuedza Galileo uye nevadzidzi vake. Zvinonzi zvakare nheyo chirango rakavakwa Newton.

Muzana XVIII XIX remakore uye paiva pfungwa pfungwa: .. Energy, vakawanda, maatomu, tichimhanya, etc. Muzana XX remakore yaiva zvisingakwaniswi dzakajeka dzekare wefizikisi (kunze nayo yakatanga quantum wefizikisi, relativity pfungwa, dzidziso microparticles, etc ...). ruzivo wakachena iri vaisanganisa uye nhasi, sezvo kuchine zvakawanda zvisingagadziriswi nyaya uye mibvunzo nezvokuva kwedu nyika nokuda vaongorori uye wezvose zvakasikwa.

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Vakawanda vezvitendero zvechihedheni munyika yekare kwakavakirwa hwenyeredzi uye venyeredzi zivo. Nemhaka zvezvavakacherechedza dzedenga usiku rakanga kuva optics. Kuunganidza muchadenga ruzivo vasingagoni asi kukanganisa kukura wemasvomhu. Zvisinei, hunonzi tsanangura zvinokonzera zvakasikwa vasingagoni yekare. Vapristi anonzi kuti mheni uye Kuora kwezuva raMwari kutsamwa kuti aiva nechokuita nesayenzi.

Panguva iyoyowo, takadzidza kuyera kureba, uremu uye angled in Ancient Egypt. ruzivo urwu zvakanga zvakakodzera ezvivako pakuvaka akakura mapiramidhi uye temberi. Kukudziridza rikashandiswa hurongwa. Strong mukati maro vakanga vaBhabhironi. Vanewo kwakavakirwa zvavo muchadenga ruzivo, vakatanga kushandisa zuva kuyera nguva.

Ancient Chinese nhau wefizikisi kwakatanga VII remakore BC. e. The vaunganidza ruzivo ari rwokugadzira uye kuvakwa zvakaiswa pasi kuongorora kwesayenzi, migumisiro zvakanga dzaitaurwa muzvinyorwa kwouzivi. The kupfuura nomukurumbira pakati munyori runoonekwa kuna Mo-tzu, uyo akararama IV remakore BC. e. Akaita kuedza kutanga kuzoumba unokosha mutemo inertia. Kunyange ipapo, Chinese kutanga akazogadzira nekambasi. Vakawana mitemo geometrical optics, uye aiziva nezvokuvapo kamera obscura. In China akazviratidza zvokuvamba mumhanzi dzidziso uye acoustics, izvo kwenguva refu nguva havana kuziva West.

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Nhoroondo yekare wefizikisi akanakisisa kuzivikanwa vazivi vechiGiriki. kudzidza kwavo kwaibva geometric uye algebraic ruzivo. Somuenzaniso, Pythagoreans wokutanga kuzivisa kuti zvisikwa zviri pasi mitemo nokudenga wemasvomhu. muenzaniso uyu nevaGiriki akaona optics, nezvenyeredzi, mumhanzi, hurongwa nezvimwe anoranga.

Nhoroondo kukura wefizikisi vaisagona akafungidzira pasina mabasa Aristotle, Plato, Archimedes, Heron, uye Lucretius. Zvinyorwa zvavo achiripo kusvikira nguva yedu mune zvakakwana RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA nzira. Vazivi vechiGiriki akasiyana nevaairarama dzimwe nyika zvokuti kutsanangura mitemo wefizikisi hadzisi ngano pfungwa, asi zvakasimba kubva esayenzi maonero. Panguva iyo vaGiriki paivawo zvikanganiso makuru. Izvi zvinosanganisira hurongwa naAristotle. Nhoroondo kukura wefizikisi sechinhu sayenzi chikwereti zvikuru kuti vanofunga muGirisi, kana chete nekuti kwavo dzinongoitika uzivi yakaramba hwaro dzepasi nesayenzi kusvikira XVII remakore.

The mupiro chokuArekizandiria vaGiriki

Demokrit maatomu akagadzira dzidziso, maererano vose mitumbi akaumbwa tuduku nezvimedu uye indivisible. Empedocles akafunga mutemo kuchengetedza nyaya. Iye nheyo Archimedes hydrostatics uye hurongwa, aendesa dzidziso yacho mhikuriso, uye pakuverenga kwakakura buoyancy nemvura. Aiva munyori rokuti "muzinda regiravhiti".

Alexandria Greek Heron anonzi mumwe mukuru mainjiniya munhoroondo yevanhu. Akasika munhu hwemvura turbine akapfupikisa zivo elasticity uye compressibility dzedenga magasi. Nhoroondo wefizikisi uye optics nokuvonga akaramba Euclid, kuongorora dzidziso nezvionioni uye mitemo sezvazviri.

Middle Ages

Pashure pokuwa hweRoma akauya richaparara ekare. unyanzvi Vakawanda kukanganwika. Europe anenge makore ane chiuru, akamira ari kukura kwayo sayenzi. Temberi ruzivo vakava dzemamongi vechiKristu, avo vakakwanisa kuchengeta vamwe mabasa kare. Zvisinei, kufambira mberi seiyi chechi pachayo. Iye akateerera uzivi redzidziso dzidziso. Nevafungi vakaedza kuenda mberi nayo akazivisa vanyengeri zvikuru kurohwa Raibvunzurudza.

Against ichi nechekumashure, ndiro rine chokwadi sayenzi zvepanyama yapfuura kuti vaMuslim. Nhoroondo kwaita wefizikisi maArab chokuita shanduro mumutauro wavo mabasa nyanzvi yechiGiriki yekare. Pahwaro nevafungi dzavo East takaita dzimwe zvakawanwa zvinokosha zvavo. Somuenzaniso, Al Jazeera akarondedzera muvambi wokutanga crankshaft.

European kurega kunotanga chakavapo kusvikira Renaissance. Munguva yeMiddle Ages muTestamende World kuumba magirazi uye tsanangura kwakabva muraraungu. German muzivi XV remakore Nikolay Kuzansky rokutanga akataura kuti zvose magumo, uye nokudaro vanotozozviziva nguva yake. Pashure mashomanana emakore Leonardo da Vinci akanga akawana Chiitiko ose capillarity uye kukweshera mutemo. Akaedzawo kusika nokusingaperi inofamba muchina, asi musingaiti basa, yakatanga muna dzidziso kuratidza impracticability ane chirongwa chakadai.

Renaissance

Muna 1543, Polish zvomuchadenga Nikolay Kopernik akabudisa chikuru basa roupenyu hwake "On vachishandisa kutenderera mitumbi yokudenga". Mubhuku rino kekutanga muna Christian Old Renyika yaiva kuedza kudzivirira heliocentric muenzaniso wenyika kuti nyika inotenderera zuva uye kwete ndiEzekieri, sezvo kereke zvinofanirwa kutora geocentric womuenzaniso chaPtolemy. Masayendisiti mazhinji wefizikisi uye kuwanikwa vanozviti kukuru, asi pakuonekwa bhuku "On vachishandisa kutenderera mitumbi yokudenga" anonzi pakutanga yesayenzi chimurenga, iyo kunoteverwa kwaita wefizikisi kwete chete ano asiwo nesayenzi yemazuva ano zvavo.

Chimwe yakakurumbira musayendisiti New nguva Galileo Galiley Telescope yakakurumbira kuvamba (asiwo ndorwevaya nokugadzirwa lämpömittari). Uyezve, iye akagadzira mutemo inertia uye nheyo relativity. Nemhaka Zvakawanikwa Galileo akaberekwa hurongwa hutsva. Pasina izvozvo, nhoroondo pakudzidza wefizikisi kuti achiri nemhuru kwenguva refu. Galileo, kufanana vazhinji vezera rake, zvinowanzodavirwa akafunga, vaifanira kuramba chechi, wokupedzisira kuedza kuedza kudzivirira yekare.

XVII remakore

Akaunganidza kosi kuwedzera kufarira zvesayenzi, uye akaramba ari XVII remakore. injiniya German uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu Iogann Kepler akanga akawana mitemo mapuraneti inofamba mu zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri (mitemo Kepler raMwari). maonero ake akataura mubhuku rake "New Astronomy", rakabudiswa muna 1609. Kepler vaishora Ptolemy, tagutsikana kuti mapuraneti kuenda ellipses, kwete madenderedzwa, sezvo zvakanga ngarira kare. Izvi musayendisiti chete akaita rakakura chitange optics. Akaongorora Kuona zviri mberi uye nearsightedness, pakuda kuziva vasiri mashandiro anoita ziso izvo. Kepler akatanga pfungwa kune Manyiminya akabatana uye chinangwa, akagadzira dzidziso lenses.

The wokuFrance Rene Dekart akasika kurangwa itsva nesayenzi - analytic geometry. Uyewo akataura kuti mutemo refraction chiedza. basa guru Descartes 'raiva bhuku "Principles uzivi", rakabudiswa muna muna 1644.

yefizikisi shoma uye yawanika inonzi wokuEngland Isaka Nyuton. Muna 1687 akanyora bhuku echimurenga "kwemasvomhu Principles of Natural Philosophy". Mairi mutsvakurudzi akatsanangura mutemo wesimba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi uye mitemo matatu makanika (uye akazozivikanwa mitemo Newton waMwari). musayendisiti ichi akashanda dzidziso ruvara, optics, chinokosha uye differential calculus. Nhoroondo wefizikisi, nhoroondo mitemo makanika - zvose izvi chokuita Newton kuti zvakawanikwa.

kwekumaodzanyemba itsva

remakore XVIII sayenzi akauya mazita akawanda vakakurumbira. Chinonyanya akakurumbira pakati pavo Leonhard Euler. Izvi injiniya wokuSwitzerland uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu, akanyora zvinopfuura 800 mabasa pamusoro wefizikisi uye zvikamu zvakadai kwemasvomhu pachisara yokudenga Vanamakanika, optics, mumhanzi dzidziso, ballistics, uye zvichingodaro. D. Petersburg Academy of Sciences chave amuziva vavo zvedzidzo, nokuti chii Euler rinokosha hwake muRussia. Hazvina dzendege ichi chokugutsikana Analytical makanika.

Zvinofadza kuti nhoroondo wefizikisi kwakasimbiswa chidzidzo, sezvo tichiziva, kwete chete nokuda masayendisiti basa, asiwo vatsvakurudzi, vanoda, kure kupfuura kuzivikanwa nenzira yakasiyana zvachose unhu. The kupfuura unoshamisa muenzaniso uyu nokuzvidzora akadzidzisa aiva enyika American Benjamin Franklin. Iye akazogadzira mheni tsvimbo, akaita mupiro mukuru nokudzidza nemagetsi uye akaita kubvuma pamusoro maererano wake chinonakidza kuti remagineti.

Pakupera ari XVIII remakore Italian Alessandro Volta akasika "voltaic murwi". kuvamba ake aiva wokutanga zvemagetsi bhatiri munhoroondo yevanhu. remakore uhwu akaona chidzoke ane mekuri lämpömittari, musiki chakanga Gabriel kuchipfuura. Chimwe womumhuri michina kwakaratidza michina yacho hwemvura injini, iyo yakaitika 1784. It akapa kukonzera nzira itsva okuwana uye kugadzirisa indasitiri.

Zvakarurama buri

Kana nhoroondo mavambo wefizikisi yakatanga inobva chokwadi kuti sayenzi aifanira kutsanangurira chikonzero zvakasikwa, ari XIX remakore zvinhu zvachinja zvikuru. Zvino iye ane rakapihwa itsva. Kubva Physics akatanga kuudza kuzvidzora masimba. Panyaya iyi, zvazova kukurumidza kukura kwete chete mutyairi, asi akashandisa wefizikisi. "Newton magetsi" Andre-Marie Ampere akatanga mutsva yokuti Magetsi. Saizvozvowo nharaunda kushanda Maykl Faradey. Iye vawana Chiitiko pamusoro remagetsi induction, nemitemo electrolysis, diamagnetism, uye aiva muvambi akadai, somunhu anode, imwe cathode, imwe insulator, imwe electrolyte, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Dzakabudirira mapazi matsva nesayenzi. Wethermodynamics, elasticity dzidziso, Statistical Vanamakanika, Statistical wefizikisi, redhiyo wefizikisi, elasticity dzidziso, seismology, meteorology - vose vanoumba mumwe chete mufananidzo wenyika ano.

Muzana XIX remakore paiva mienzaniso itsva zvesayenzi uye pfungwa. Thomas Jung isimbiswe mutemo kuchengetedza simba, Dzheyms Klerk Maksvell zvinganaka rake remagetsi dzidziso. Russian kemisiti Dmitri Mendeleev aiva munyori chinokosha kukanganisa yose wefizikisi Periodic table. Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore pakanga zvemagetsi uye injini. Vakava zvibereko Zvakarurama Physics, nezvatinovavarira kugadzirisa zvimwe zvinetso zviripo.

rethinking sainzi

In XX remakore munhoroondo wefizikisi, mune pfupi, kwakaita kuti Danho kuti, kana dambudziko iri nechekare zvakanaka yakasimbiswa dzenhoroondo yokungotaura yokutevedzera. Older nesayenzi payakavakirwa vakatanga neevamwe humboo itsva. Somuenzaniso, vanotsvakurudza vakaona kuti kumhanya chiedza hakubvi pane zvinoita hauzununguki dzezvisingaperi bhuku. On kwezana remakore wakazarura rinoda hwakadzama tsananguro mananara: maerekitironi, radioactivity, X-ray.

Nokuda backlog vezvakavanzika chakaitika Shanduro yekare dzenhoroondo wefizikisi. Chiitiko chinokosha chinotevera sayenzi chimurenga yaiva pfungwa yokuti dzidziso relativity. munyori wayo aiva Albert Einstein nyika maererano nzvimbo uye nguva zvakadzama yokutanga povedyvavshy. , A idzva bazi yokungotaura wefizikisi - quantum wefizikisi. inotungamirwa Its akanga wakapindwa akawanda nyika-mukurumbira masayendisiti: Maks puranga Maks Bon, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Ehrenfest, uye vamwe.

panguva matambudziko

In yechipiri yezana XX remakore nhoroondo kukura wefizikisi, ane nguva mberi nhasi, Wakaitawo kuti Danho idzva. Nguva iyi kwakaratidza ichatonga zvine mbiri nzvimbo kudziongorora. Akaita isati yamboitwa waruka zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika. Paiva nzvimbo materesikopu, interplanetary Yatanga Kuongorora kuti extraterrestrial mwaranzi michina. Zvakatanga kudzidza mashoko ari siyana mitumbi mapuraneti rezuva mumuviri hwakadzama. Achibatsirwa zvemazuva ano, masayendisiti akawana exoplanets uye Zvinovheneka itsva, kusanganisira redhiyo mapoka enyeredzi, quasars uye pulsars.

Space chichiri hwakazara zhinji unsolved nezvirahwe. Dzidza rinokweva mafungu, rima simba, rima nyaya, kuwedzera kukura zvakasikwa uye ayo marongerwo. Vaisanganisa neDare Big Bang dzidziso. The date kuti kunogona kuwanikwa pasi pano ezvinhu, disproportionately diki ichienzaniswa chitsama basa masayendisiti pezvakasikwa.

Key kutarisana yefizikisi nhasi zvinosanganisira matambudziko akawanda unokosha: kukura kuva quantum shanduro imwe rinokweva dzidziso, kungotaurawo ose quantum Vanamakanika, tichibatanidza mugomba chete yokuti zvose anozivikanwa masimba nekuita, kutsvaka "yakanaka-Tuning zvakasikwa", uyewo chaiwo tsanangudzo rima simba uye rima chaiyo nyaya.