Mashandiro anoita DNA uye ayo mamiriro

At moyo mupenyu masero zvipenyu anokosha ndiwo mashandiro anoita zvoutachiona Polymers, nucleic acids, makabhohaidhiretsi, mapurotini uye lipids. Biopolymers ine monomers, yeHydrocarbon zvivako, izvo zvinosanganisirawo senitrogen, okisijeni, sarufa phosphorus.

Muzana remakore rechi19, kudzidzwa maumbirwo zvinhu yakatangwa kuti vanoumba chipenyu sero, asi mashandiro DNA, mapuroteni, RNA, uye mamiriro avo akanga pakupedzisira akatsunga muzana remakore rechi20.

Friedrich Miescher muna 1868, vasave muchitokisi nuclei phosphorous leukocytes akaritumidza nukleina. Ipapo Richard Altman muna 1889 kwatemwa kuti fuma iyi inoumbwa chinokosha acids uye mapuroteni. Zvadaro kokutanga uye anzwa shoko rokuti "nucleic asidhi". Zvisinei, kuti chigaro mashandiro ose nucleic acids achiri kure.

DNA - deoxyribonucleic asidhi - ndiro rakakura chaivo Polymers rinoumbwa monomers mazana - deoxyribonucleotides. In sezvamunoita zvavo kunze shuga (deoxyribose), kunosanganisira 4 mhando nucleotides: adenine - A, thymidine - T, cytosine - C, guanine - G.

nguva yokutanga kwainzi DNA nucleic asidhi mhuka mavambo, sezvo oga kubva thymus mhuka, uye RNA oga kubva gorosi utachiona - miriwo. Zvaidavirwa kuti pakupedzisira ari nokukanganisika musiyano pakati marudzi masero yakawanikwa teny Eva uye mhuka. Zvisinei, pakati remakore rechimakumi maviri vakaona kuti RNA uye DNA zvinosanganisirei masero ose.

Pakarepo mamiriro vakatanga kudzidza nucleic acids Erwin Chargaff, izvo 1953 akawana kuti nucleotides kuti vari chikamu chete zita iine acid fomu maviri chete zvachose kakawanda.

The Kubatana nguva dzose kutora rimwe pyrimidine uye purine chawo mumwe, T = C, A = T. Kureva, adenine runokusunganidzai kuti thymidine uye guanine - pamwe cytosine.

Uye kuti DNA basa rinokosha kuti kubatana mumutsetse wokutanga ichipa rehydrogen 2 mbiri, uye wechipiri - vatatu.

Mitemo Chargaff yakaratidza mujinga iro Watson uye Crick akavaka nemamiriro DNA kaviri akamonyoroka.

In Morekuru ichi, uyewo puroteni mamorekuru, akasiyana zvikuru, yechipiri uye tertiary ezvirevo.

The chikuru maumbirwo - a Linear kutevedzana kwezviitiko monomers imwe chete cheni.

Zvechokwadi, mune hunhu DNA mune rimwe cheni hakuitiki, asi pano tiri kutaura pamusoro chikuru maumbirwo biopolymers, iyo inorondedzera ose zvivako zvayo.

Secondary maumbirwo - a spatial chakanangana biopolymer. Kana DNA iri polynucleotide necheni mbiri, imwe neimwe iri vakamonyanisa nenzira yakarurama akamonyoroka, uye vose vari panguva vakamonyanisa mune Kutenderera mirayiridzo pamusoro vanhuwo akabatana. ngetani Iyi inoitirwa pedyo masimba rehydrogen chokuedza. The tertiary nemamiriro DNA akamonyoroka mamorekuru mberi kunorondedzerwa.

A hofori danho yakaitwa zvakawanikwa kuti mashandiro DNA ndiyo kutamira uye kuchengetera magene mashoko. DNA rine majini purogiramu sechivako mapuroteni, zvakananga mumwe muviri. Ivo, pamwe chete RNA mamorekuru anobudisa majini mashoko kubva muviri kuti muviri. The DNA zvakare mhosva Implementation uye magene ruzivo. Ivo vanobatanidzwa transcription pezvakaitwa, kuberekana uye shanduro, nokudaro kuona kubatana kwetunhu mapurotini siyana.