Ndiani akawana mitemo yekufamba kwemapuraneti?

"Mitemo yaKepler" - uyu mutsara unozivikanwa kune vose vanoda kuongorora nyeredzi. Ndiani uyu munhu? Ihwo hukama uye kudyidzana kwechinangwa chaicho chaakatsanangura? Nyanzvi yezvidzidzo, nyanzvi yemasvomhu, nyanzvi yezvechitendero, nyanzvi, nyanzvi yemurume wenguva yake, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) akawana mitemo yekufamba kwemapuraneti ezuva.

Kutanga

Johannes Kepler, wekuzvarwa we Weil der Stadt (Germany), akauya munyika ino munaDecember 1571. Mwana asina simba, anoona murombo akakunda zvose kuitira kuti atore muhupenyu huno. Zvidzidzo zvemukomana wacho zvakatanga muLeonberg, uko mhuri yakatama. Gare gare akatamira kune imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro-soro yechikoro chechiLatini kuti adzidze zvinyorwa zvemirimi raaida kushandisa mune zvinyorwa zvekare.

Muna 1589 akapedza chikoro kubva kuchikoro chembairi yeMaulbronn muguta reAdelburg. Muna 1591 akapinda muYunivhesiti muTübingen. Imwe nzira yekudzidzisa yakabudirira yakasikwa nemaDukes mushure mekuiswa kweLutheranism. Nekubatsirwa kwezvipo uye zvidzidzo zvevarombo, zviremera zvakaedza kupa vunivhesiti nevadzidzi, kubva kwaive zvichikwanisa kuunza vafundisi vakadzidza, vanogona kudzivirirwa kutenda mutsva munguva dzekutsamwisana kwechitendero.

Panguva yekugara kwake pachikoro chekudzidzisa Kepler yakawira pasi pesimba reProfesa weAstronomy Michael Meestlin. Vaya vekupedzisira vakagovana maonero aCopernicus pamusoro pemafungiro ehupenyu hwezuva (Sun pakati) zvose, kunyange zvazvo akadzidzisa vadzidzi "maererano naPtolemy" (Pasi mukatikati). Ruzivo rwakajeka rwepfungwa dzeSayenzi nyanzvi dzesayenzi dzakamutsa Kepler kufarira kwakanyanya mukuongorora nyeredzi. Saka dzidziso yaCopernicus yakanga ine mumwe mutsigiri, achiedza kuti azvinzwisise pachavo mitemo yekufamba kwepasi pedo neSuva.

Izuva rinoshandiswa kwezvesa

Zvinoshamisa, uyo uyo akazoona mitemo yekufamba kwepanyika haana kuzviona iye nyanzvi yekudenga. Muhupenyu hwake hwose Kepler aidavira kuti maitiro ezuva - basa rekudhiro, rakazadza zveshamiso, rakarota kuva mupristi. Kufarira kwake kuCopernicus 'nharo yakatsanangurwa nemudzidzi wezvinyorwa nekuziva kuti anofanira kudzidza maonero akasiyana asati afungidzira kubva pakuongorora kwake.

Kunyange zvakadaro, mapurofesa vesayunivhesiti akataura nezveKepler semudzidzi ane pfungwa dzakanaka. Muna 1591, mushure mekugamuchira chidimbu chedzidzisi, musayendisiti akaenderera mberi nekudzidza kwake mumunda webhaibheri. Pavakanga vava kuda kusvika pakupera, zvakava kuzivikanwa kuti purofesa wemasvomhu akafira muchikoro cheLutheran muGraz. Tubingen Yunivhesiti yakakurudzira kutora nzvimbo iyi tarenda mune zvose zvidzidzo. Saka, kangamwira mitemo yekufamba kwepanyika?

Muzita raMwari

Uyu ane makore makumi maviri nemaviri, Johann akanganisa kusiya basa rake rekutanga kuti ave mupirisita, asi zvisinei akatora mabasa emufundisi weMathematika muGraz. Munguva dzehurukuro mukirasi yake, mudzidzisi wekutanga anotaridzira pabhodhi dzimwe nhamba dzejemiometri nekubatanidzwa kwezvikwata zvakanyanyisa uye zvitatu. Uye kamwe-kamwe akavhiringidzika nepfungwa yokuti mifananidzo yakadaro inoratidza chimwe chimiro chakatarwa pakati pehukuru hwemakumbo maviri, kunze kwekuti katatu inowirirana. Uye chii chiyero chemasimba panzvimbo iyo pakati pemakwikwi maviri? Nzira yekufunga yakanga ichiwedzera.

Gore rakatevera, imwe nyanzvi yezvidzidzo zvebhaibheri yakabudisa basa rake rokutanga "The Mystery of the Universe" (1596). Mariri akajekesa maonero ake ekusika pane zvakavanzika zvezvose, zvakatsigirwa nekutenda kwechitendero.

Iye uyo akawana mitemo yekufamba kwepanyika yakaita saizvozvo muzita raMwari. Kuwedzera chirongwa chemasvomhu chezvinhu zvose, muongorori akazosvika kumhedziso: mapuraneti matanhatu akaiswa mukati, pakati pemashanu mairi polyhedra akaenzana. Zvechokwadi, iyo shanduro yaive yakabva pane "chokwadi" kuti kune maviri chete ekudenga. Munharaunda yePasi Pasi pose, Kepler akarondedzera dodecahedron yakanaka uye nharaunda inobata ruzha rweMaris.

Perfect polyhedra

Munharaunda yeMaris, musayendisiti akaratidza tetrahedron uye nharaunda iri pedo nemakona aJupiter. Mune kambohedron mumutambo wepanyika wePasi nzvimbo yeVenus yakanyatso "yakabatana". Kushandisa zvakasara marudzi e polyhedra yakakwana, izvi zvakaitwa nevamwe. Zvisingatauriki, zviyero zvepasi pedo mapuraneti anowanikwa munharaunda yakasikwa yeKepler spheres yakaenderana nekuverengwa kweCopernicus.

Kuziva mitemo yekufamba kwepanyika, muprista ane pfungwa yemasvomhu akavimba zvikuru nekufuridzirwa naMwari. Akanga asina chikonzero chaicho chokupikisana. Zvinoreva shanduro "Zvinyorwa Zvose" ndeyokuti iyi ndiyo yaiva danho rekutanga rokutarisa kwekucherechedza kwenyika yezvematongerwo enyika, sezvakataurwa naCopernicus.

Mafungiro pamusoro pekururama kwakakwana

MunaSeptember 1598, maProtestant muGraz, kusanganisira Kepler, vakamanikidzwa kunze kweguta nevatongi veKaturike. Kunyange zvazvo Johann aibvumidzwa kudzoka, mamiriro ezvinhu akaramba achioma. Mukutsvaga kutsigirwa, akatendeukira kuTycho Brahe - mathematics uye nyanzvi mune imwe dare reMambo Rudolph II. Musayendisiti aizivikanwa nokuda kwekunakidza kwekuunganidza kwepasi.

Aiziva nezvebasa ra "The Mystery of the Universe". Asi apo muna 1600 Musiki wake akazosvika kuChiiet Observatory iri kunze kweguta rePrague, Braga, akashanda zvakajeka (panguva iyoyo) tsvakurudzo, akamugamuchira semunyori weimwe basa, asi kwete seaishanda naye. Kurwisana pakati pavo kwakaenderera mberi kusvika pakufa kwechiDanmark nyanzvi, iyo yakaitika mugore. Mushure mokunge mushori akasiya nyika, Kepler akavimbwa kuti achengetedze mari yekuchengetedza kwake. Vakabatsira zvikuru muongorori kuti ave iye akawana mitemo yekufamba kwepasi pedo neSuva.

The Path of Mars

Zvidzidzo zvenguva ichangobva kuBraga pakusikwa kwetafura yekutenderera kwepasi hazvina kupera. Tariro dzose dzakaiswa kune uyo anotsiva. Akasarudzwa kuti ave nyanzvi yemasvomhu. Pasinei nehukama hwehukama neaaishanda naye, Kepler akanga akasununguka kuzvitsvakira zvaaida mune zvekuongorora nyeredzi. Akasarudza kuramba achicherechedza ma Mars uye anorondedzera zvaakaratidzwa zvehupenyu hwepasi rino.

Johann aiva nechokwadi: awana nzira yakaoma yeMartian, munhu anogona kuzarura nzira dzekufamba kwevamwe vose "Wanderers of the Universe". Kusiyana nekutenda kwakakurumbira, haana kungoshandisa maonero aBraga kusarudza chimiro chemaometri chinowirirana nekududzirwa. Dhigirii wezvechitendero akatumira maitiro ekutsvaga kwechikonzero chepanyama chekufamba kwe "hanzvadzi dzinogara munzvimbo isina mhepo," iyo nzira dzayo dzinogona kuderedzwa. Mushure mebasa rekutsvakurudza titanic, mitemo mitatu yekufamba kwenyika yakaonekwa.

Mutemo Wokutanga

I. Nzira dzepurogiramu dzakasvibiswa neZuva mune imwe ye foci.

Mutemo wekufambisa kwemapuraneti munharaunda yezuva yakaratidza kuti mapuraneti anofamba mune imwe nyika. Akaonekwa mushure memakore masere ekuverenga achiverenga dhesi rakagadzirwa naTycho Brahe kubva pakucherechedza kwekufambisa kwepasi kweS star of Mars. Johann akadana basa rake "New Astronomy".

Saka, maererano neMutemo wekutanga waKepler, kusvibiswa chero kupi zvako kune mazamu maviri emagetsi ekuzivikanwa anonzi foci (pamwe chete chinangwa). Nharaunda yakazara kubva kune imwe nyika kune imwe ye foci inogara ichiwedzerwa pamwe chete iyo pasinei nokuti pasi iri iri munzira yekufamba kwayo. Kukosha kwekutsvaga ndechokuti kufungidzira kunotenderera haisi mitsindo yakanaka (seyiyo inyanzvi yenyika) yakaswededza vanhu pedyo nokunzwisisa kwakanyatsonzwisisika kwemufananidzo wepasi.

Mutemo wechipiri

II. Mutsetse unobatanidza nyika neSara (radius vector) inokunda zviyero zvakaenzana panguva dzakaringana yenguva, apo nyika inofamba-famba ichikomba.

Ikozvino, mune imwe nguva nguva, somuenzaniso, mumazuva makumi matatu, nyika inokunda nzvimbo imwe chete, pasinei nenguva yaunosarudza. Inofamba nekukurumidza kana ichiswedera kuShona uye inononoka painobviswa, asi inouya ne-ever-changing speed iyo inofamba-svetuka nharaunda yayo. Sangano "rakanakisisa" rinowanikwa pa perihelion (inoswedera pedyo neSuva) uye inonyanya kushandiswa "kufamba" mune aphelion (iyo nzvimbo iri kure neSuva). Saka akafunga uyo akawana mitemo yekufamba kwemapuraneti.

Mutemo weTatu

III. Nharaunda yenguva yakazara yekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro (T) yakaenzana necube yemusara kure kubva pasi kusvika kuSuva (R).

Iyi nheyo dzimwe nguva inonzi mutemo wekubatana. Anofanidza nguva yekutarisa yenguva uye ruzivo rwemhirizhonga yemapuraneti. Chinokosha chekutsvaga kwaKepler chiri mune zvinotevera: chiyero chezvikwata zvemazuva ekufambisa uye makerubhi emakwikwi akaenzana kubva kuSa anofanana kune imwe nyika.

Zvakare, mitemo yekufamba kweParaneti mapuraneti yakanga yakavakirwa pamaonero ekupedzisira kwenguva refu uye masvomhu akaitwa. Kuratidzira nguva dzose, havana kuzarura mamiriro ezvinhu ezvakaitika. Gare gare, mucherechedzi akakurumbira wemutemo wekutsvaira kwepasi rose Newton akaratidza kuti chirabwe chakanga chakafukidzwa mumuviri wemuviri wakakwezva mumwe nomumwe.

Mvuri wemuviri wangu uri pano

Pasinei nokubudirira kwake, Kepler akaramba achitambura nematambudziko emari, kusakwanisa nguva yekutsvakurudza, kuenda kunotsvaka nzvimbo dzaakabvumira zvitendero zvake. Akaverengeka akaedza kuwana nzvimbo yekudzidzisa muTübingen, asi aionekwa semutengesi, muPurotesitendi uye akarambwa.

Johannes Kepler akafa musi waNovember 15, 1630, kubva mukurwisa kwefivha yakawanda. Akavigwa mumakuva evaPurotesitendi. Mune epitaph mwanakomana wake anonyora akanyora kuti: "Ndaiwanzoyera matenga. Iye zvino ndinofanira kuyera mumvuri wePasi. Pasinei nokuti mweya wangu uri kudenga, mumvuri wemuviri wangu uri pano. "

Hungu, pakutanga mumweya wepfungwa dzepakati pekare, musayendisiti aida kuti mapurogiramu anofamba nokuti ane mweya, ichi chiri magetsi, uye kwete kungova mumiriri wezvinhu. Gare gare, akaziva kuti nzira yesayenzi yakakosha. Zvakanaka, muprista uye nyanzvi yezvidzidzo, uyo akawana mitemo yekufamba kwepanyika, akatendeseka akapfuura nenzira yekunzwisisa. Asi isu tinozvibvuma kwatiri: dzimwe nguva zvinoratidzika kuti pane dzakawanda zvakawanda zvisinganzwisisiki mune zvese zvesayenzi!