Periodic Law

Zvose zvinowanzomirirwa mumakemikari nenzira ye periodic system: mitsara (nguva nemirara) uye ma column (maererano nemapoka) anorongwa, achifunga nezvekuwedzera kwevanhu vavo vemaatomu. Kuwanikwa kwemutemo we periodic kwakadzoka kare muna 1869 uye hapana mubvunzo kuti ndeyemuchenjeri wemasayendisiti weRussia Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev. Kunyange zvazvo dzakawanda zvekunze kune dzimwe nyika dziri pedyo nezita rake zvinoreva zita rokuti Julius Lothar Meier, ivo, vanoti, gore rakatevera (asi vachizvimirira) vakagadzira nzira yakafanana. Chinokosha chekubudirira kwemakore mazhinji emabasa emakemikari yeRussia chaiva kuziva kuti maitiro ekare akaitwa nevamwe masayendisiti akakundikana, sezvo mazhinji emakemikari akange asati azaruka, saka ari patafura yake akasiya nzvimbo yavo.

Mutemo weperiodic, unoratidzirwa semufananidzo weperiodic, wakaparadzaniswa uchienda kune imwe nguva. Zviratidzo zvekutanga, yechipiri uye chechitatu nguva zvinopindirana nemafungiro akafanana echiRoma emakatevedzana: I, II, III. Nguva yechina, yechishanu neyechitanhatu inopatsanurwa mumitambo yakasiyana uye inoshamisa, inowanikwa nemazita echiRoma: IV, V, VI, VII, VIII neIX. Uye nguva yechinomwe inopindirana ne X series. Zvinyorwa, mumasere gumi nemasere kana ma column, zvose zvinyorwa zvinowanikwa mumapoka masere. Boka roga roga, kubva kune yekutanga kusvika kune rechinomwe, rakakamurwa kuva mapuranga maviri, anomiririra zvikamu zvepamusoro uye zvechipiri. Boka rechisere rinoumbwa nemachina mana. Uyezve, masero maviri ane makemikari anoitwa neboka rechitatu - lanthanum uye actinium - anovanza mutsara, anonzi respectively lanthanides (kubva pamashamba makumi mashanu nemakumi matanhatu nemakumi mana) uye actinides (kubva pamakore 90 kusvika 103).

Mumazuva okutanga chete vanomiririra vaviri: hydrogen uye helium. Yechipiri uye yechitatu inosanganisira masere makemikari masere. Nguva yechina, yechishanu neyechitanhatu yakareba, sezvo chimwe nechimwe chegumi nemasere zvinooneka zvinopinda, zvinoparidzirwa nenzira iyi: mumitemo kunyange kune gumi, uye nhamba dzisinganzwisisiki kune vasere chete. Asi kana tikafunga nezve lanthanides, panguva yechitanhatu ine makumi matatu nemaviri makemikari, kusanganisira gumi nemana akavanzwa. Nenguva yechinomwe yakareba zvakare, ine gumi nevasere, zvina zvayo zvinoonekwa, uye gumi nemana (actinides) zvakavanzwa. Zvinyorwa zvisinganzwisisiki zvenguva yechina, yechishanu neyechitanhatu ndeye ye-sub-subgroups (b), uye kunyange mutsara inowanikwa mumasangano makuru (a), pamwe chete neaya anotaura nezvekutanga, yechipiri, yechitatu uye yechinomwe nguva.

Mutemo we periodic unogadza kuti zvose zviri mukati meboka rimwe zvinopesana zvakafanana kune umwe neumwe uye zvakasiyana zvakasiyana kubva kune izvo zviri chikamu chemwe mapoka. Somuenzaniso, boka reIa, kunze kwehydrojeni, rinosanganisira simbi nekemikari valence yezve 1, asi muboka reVIIa, kunze kwe astat, zvose zviripo hazvisi zvimbi, izvo zvinowanzogadzirwa neve valence 1. Nhasi, mutemo periodic hausi wega Tafura. Haana chirevo chemasvomhu, asi chiripo sechimiro chekutaura kuti zvinhu zveimwe chemikemikari element, pamwe chete nezvinhu zvezvinhu zvose zvisinganyanyi uye zvikamu zvakakomba zvarinopinda, zvine nguva yekuzvidzivirira pamusana pekukura kweatomu yenheyo.

Izwi periodicity rakarongerwa kwekutanga ke DI Mendeleev, pasinei nekuedza kwevasayendisiti vanobva kunyika dzakasiyana-siyana kuti nenzira imwe neimwe vaise mazita emakemikari zvinhu zvakambovepo . Asi ndiye uyo akacherechedza kuti paanenge agadzirirwa mukutarisa kwekuwedzera kweatomic masses, chivako chimwe nechimwe chechisere chinofananidzwa nemamiriro ekutanga. Muna 1869, shanduro yekutanga yefurafura (panguva iyoyo chete maitiro 60 aizivikanwa) yakanga ichiri yakasiyana zvikuru neyemazuva ano, iyo inoratidza zvakajeka mutemo we periodic. Nokufamba kwenguva, akawana dzimwe shanduko, iyo yakave mukuwedzera kwetsva, gare gare akawana makemikari ezvinhu. Asi izvi hazvina kungoparadza pfungwa ye periodicity yezvinhu zvemaatomu emakemikari, iyo yakatungamirira mukuru wemakemikari weRussia, asi mumwe nomumwe wavo akasimbisa mutemo wakagadzirwa nesayendisiti yedu.

Vhura vasayendisiti veRussia, mutemo we periodic uye periodic system yakagadzirwa pachikonzero chacho yakava nheyo yakasimba yemakemikari emazuva ano. Kuvonga izvo Mendeleev akakurudzira vamwe vevanhu vavo maatomu uye akafanotaura kuvepo kwezvinhu zvitatu zvisati zvawanikwa muzvisikwa, izvo zvakazowanikwa hunosimbiswa, uye gallium, scandium uye germanium zvakawanikwa. Zvese izvi zvakatungamirira kuzvinhu zvose kuonekwa kwe periodic system. Kukosha kwemutemo weperiodic hakugoni kuve nekufungidzirwa, sezvo kuwanikwa uku kwakakosha zvikuru pakuvandudzirwa kwemakemikari.