Zvisingafi penzura uye dzimwe matanga: chadzo

Kubvira ipapo, sezvo yagadzirwa penzura yekunyora uye kudhirowa, maonero ake vari kuramba dzakachinjwa uye tega matsva. Pane chete hapana nepenzura ikozvino dzose ruvara, chii anokwevera vadzidzi mukirasi; Wakisi uye kutungamirira, anoshandiswa nyanzvi kupenda; "Nyore" - nokuti mifananidzo geometric zvakagadzirwa (avatungamirire chinosanganisira graphite uye, zvichienderana zvakaoma, anonyora nenzira range kubva chiedza pfumbu kune nhema); mushonga - anoshandiswa magadzirirwo mahofisi nokuda hombe drafting basa; zvizorwa pencil ... Uye vose pakawanda anechekuita nesu munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana zvoupenyu.

"Nahimichili"

Zvisingafi penzura - kuvamba vake chaivo kuwana mufananidzo, achiritara nechokuenzanisa, stenographic nyaya. Vaikwanisa kunyora, swedera, kupenda pepa pamusoro, zvichiita zvisingafi mavanga uye zvakawanda. Pasi yematanda "nezviso zvavo" panguva ino Stationery chinokosha graphite penzura. In akaoma chimiro, kunosiya pamusoro papepa lightweight, unobtrusive mavanga uye nyora. Asi zvinokosha muromo penzura mutobvu yakakanyiwa nemvura, kana kunyange mutauro - ayo ruvara kuchinja, akatanga kunyora muna vakashinga, inopenya, uye bvisa pepa hazvibviri. Izvi imhaka yokuti makemikari penzura zvinosanganisira madhayi kuti kuiparadza kana kutarisana unyoro. Zvakafanana Zvaizoguma kana pemvura kuomerera pane yakakanyiwa bepa Pepa chete pakaoma pabhodhi. Wemadhai vari kuwedzera netsvimbo - rhodamine (anoita manotsi uri yakajeka blue pakadzika, vapfumi pasi zvakafanana ruvara), eosin (zvakare zvikuru vaaleanpunainen ruvara, akatendeuka kupinda tsvuku), auramine (zvikuru tsvuku). Izvi chicherwa yokuvirisa kuita zvisingafi penzura ndiyo yakasimba kwete chete, asiwo tichibatanidza chikuru uye yokuwedzera mavara akasiyana, mukanyanyisa kusiyana kwayo mavara.

Pakazopera zana remakore rechimakumi maviri, ari kukurumbira kwemakemikari pencil ndokuserera - vari kushingaira yakatsiva bhora wokutanga, uye ipapo gel matanga. Zvisinei, iye zvino vachiri kuwanikwa siyana nzvimbo kugadzirwa. Vari kureva Labels kana contours kuti vanodhirowa pamusoro girazi, plaster, zvedongo, simbi uye nezvimwe hukawanika. Kwekuoma penzura rokuisa chiratidzo polymer anosarudzwa zvichienderana norudzi pamusoro nako kushanda. A yokutanga makemikari rukudzo kuvamba runobva penzura Edson Clark, uyo patented kuvamba kwake kure 1866 gore. Muna 1928, zvakanga nani zvishoma - woga ane zvisingafi penzura yakanga dzakabatanidzwa duku kunogona mvura, uye kana zvakafanira kuti inyorovese shamhu, achinyorera kushandisa kumanikidzwa. Maererano zvaimutambisira mwando anouya kubhawa, uye dhayi ikasakendenga nemvura uye pepa yakagadzirira!

Penzura uye zvizoro

The zvizorwa nokuti maumbirwe zvinangwa uchishandisa unyanzvi-penzura. unaku Its kazhinji gobvu, asi kusimba zvikuru, nekuti ichi hachisi chete penzura kupenda pamusoro pemaziso, asi meso uye ganda iri namafungiro iri nyore vakuvara uye kunoda kusimba kukurukurwa. Sechivako kutungamirira nepenzura, kunze siyana ruvara pigments zvinosanganisira dzinongoitika zvinhu: glyceride kwakavakirwa mafuta emichindwe, mafuta Castor nomuti unyoro - yavanobata mashandiro pakutarisira; nyuchi, michero uye dzimwe mhando waxes wakati kunowedzera refractoriness uye zvinopa kuti-up nemishonga uye mukurumari kwenguva refu; fuma, anobvisa mukana neutachiona.

Professional painter Ezvemutauro

Uye pakupedzisira, nemarasha penzura. Sezvo zviri pachena kubva zita, netsvimbo iri zvakagadzirwa kabhoni pamwe kuwedzera imwe inorwara mafuta linseed. Izvi Kuwedzera mberi anoudza marasha arambe achirema uye ruvara saturation, yepamusoro adhesion kuti fibers ari papepa. Next, achivasiya nyoro uye marasha-dema ane kuchiratidza nebwe.

Nokuda kwayo sezvamunoita marasha penzura iri pakunaka zvose gadzira basa, uye kuti aite wokupedzisira mufanidzo. Kuishandisa, yokudhirowa anogona bonde uye kwasviba, uye pachena nechiedza kwerima guru. Zvikurukuru nyore penzura pakuti zviri nyore kubva papepa, vachisiya shoma chero.