Friedrich Schiller: biography, zvisikwa, pfungwa

Zvinhu zvakasikwa Friedrich Schiller akawira pane izvo zvinonzi nguva ye "Dutu nekuputika" - nhungamiro mumabhuku eGermany, izvo zvaive zvakajeka pakurambwa kweklassicism uye kuchinja kune rudo. Nguva ino inosvika makore makumi maviri: 1760-1780. Yakaratidzwa nebhuku remabasa nevanyori vakakurumbira saJohn Goethe, Christian Schubart nevamwe.

Brief biography yemunyori

Württemberg Duchy, uko Friedrich Schiller akaberekwa, yakanga iri muItsvene yeRoma. Munyori wenhema akaberekwa muna 1759 mumhuri yevanhu vemunharaunda. Baba vake vaiva mubatsiri wezvemagariro ehurumende, uye amai vake vaiva mukunda webiki. Zvisinei, jaya rakagamuchira dzidzo yakanaka: akadzidza kuchikoro cheuto rehondo, kwaakadzidza mutemo uye mutemo, uyezve, mushure mokunge vaenda kuSttgart, akatanga mushonga.

Mushure mokunge atanga kutamba kwake kwekutanga "The Robbers", munyori wechidiki akadzingwa kubva kumurume wake uye akapedza nguva yakawanda yehupenyu hwake mu Weimar. Friedrich Schiller akanga ari shamwari yaGoethe uye akatomanikidzwa naye mukunyora mabhalladhi. Munyori aida mafilosofi, nhoroondo, nhetembo. Akanga ari purofesa wenhoroondo yenyika paYunivhesiti yeJena, pasi pesimba ra I. Kant akanyora mafilosofi, aive achiita mabasa ekudhinda, kusunungura mabhuku "Ory", "Almanac yeMuses." Mutambi wenhau we Weimar akafa muna 1805.

Mutambo "The Robbers" uye kubudirira kwekutanga

Mune nguva iri pasi pekufungisisa, rudo rwemanzwiro rwakanga rwakakurumbira pakati pevechidiki, avo vakazofarirawo Friedrich Schiller. Pfungwa huru, kuratidzira muchidimbu basa rake, svetera kune zvinotevera: maitiro emusununguko, kutsoropodza kwepamusoro mapoka evanhu, vanhu vane hutungamiri, vakanaka uye tsitsi kune avo avo nokuda kwezvikonzero zvipi zvavakarambwa nesangano iri.

Mukurumbira wakazova munyori mushure mokurondedzera mharidzo yake "The Robbers" muna 1781. Uyu mutambo unoratidzika neveveive nevekune dzimwe nguva ine rudo rukuru rwepanoti, asi akawira murudo nemuoneki ane chibvumirano chakasimba, uye chinopisa chekuda. Chikonzero chekugadzirwa kwacho chaiva musoro wekupesana pakati pehama mbiri: Charles naFranz Moore. Wanyengeri Franz anoedza kutora kubva kumunun'una wake nzvimbo, nhaka, uyewo anodikamwa - mukoma Amalia.

Uku kusaruramisira kunotungamirira Karl kuenda kumapanduki, asi panguva imwechete iye anokwanisa kuchengetedza kukudzwa kwake uye kukudzwa kwake kukuru. Basa racho rakanga riri kubudirira kukuru, asi rakaunza dambudziko kumunyori: nekuda kwekusabvumirwa kusina kubvumirwa akapiwa chirango, uye akazobudiswa kubva kumunhu wake wechidiki.

Madhiramu ema1780s

Kubudirira kwe "VaRobbers" kwakaita kuti mudiki wechidiki ave nemabasa akawanda anozivikanwa akazova maitiro ezvinyorwa zvenyika. Muna 1783 akanyora mutambo "Deceit and Love", "The Conspiracy of Fiesco muGenoa", muna 1785 - "The Ode to Joy". Muchikamu chino, zvakakosha kuparadzanisa basa rokuti "Deceit and Love", iro rinonzi ndiro "philistine dambudziko", nokuti mairi kwekutanga kokutanga munyori akaita chinhu chechimiro chechimiro kwete matambudziko evanhu vanokudzwa, asi kutambura kwevasikana vasati vambobva. "Ode kuNufaro" inofungidzirwa seimwe yemabasa akanaka emuunyori, uyo akaratidza kuti haana kungova munyori mukuru wezvinyorwa, asiwo munyori wakangwara.

Mitambo yema1790s

Friedrich Schiller aifarira nhoroondo, pane zvidzidzo zvaakanyora mimwe mitambo yake. Muna 1796 akasika dhimiro "Wallenstein", yakatsaurirwa kumukuru weHondo Yemakore makumi matatu (1618-1648). Muna 1800 akanyora dhimiro "Maria Stewart", iyo yaakabva zvikuru kubva pane zvakaitika kare, zvichiita chinhu chinoratidzira kugadzirisa kupesana pakati pevakadzi vaviri vakwikwidza. Mamiriro ezvinhu ekupedzisira, zvisinei, haabvumi kubva pakunyorwa kwemitambo yemutambo.

Muna 1804 Friedrich Schiller akanyora mutambo "Wilhelm Tell", wakatsaurirwa kurwisana kwevanhu veSwitzerland vachirwisana neAustria kutonga. Basa iri rakabatanidzwa nemapato emusununguko uye rusununguko, izvo zvaive zvakajeka zvekugadzirisa kwevamiriri veDutu neAslaught. Muna 1805, munyori akatanga kushanda pamutambo wekuti "Demetrius", akazvitsaurira kune zviitiko zveRussia nhoroondo, asi mutambo uyu wakaramba usingagumi.

Kukosha kwebasa raSchiller muArt

Mitambo yemunyori ine simba guru kune tsika dzepasi. Zvakaitwa naFriedrich Schiller zvaive zvinyanyofadza vanyori veRussia V. Zhukovsky, M. Lermontov, uyo akashandura mabhora ake. Mitambo ye playwright yakashanda sechikonzero chekusika kwemahofisi anoshamisa nekutungamira vanyori veItaly muzana remakore rechi19. L. Beethoven akapedzisa chikamu chokupedzisira chehurukuro yake yakakurumbira yepfumbamwe paSchiller's "Ode to Joy". Muna 1829, D. Rossini akaumba opera "Wilhelm Tell" pane vavariro dzomutambo wake; Basa iri rinofungidzirwa seimwe yezvisikwa zvakanakisisa zvemunyori.

Muna 1835 G. Donizetti akanyorera opera "Maria Stewart", akabatanidzwa mukufamba kwemabasa ake emimhanzi munhoroondo yeEngland XVI yezana remakore. Muna 1849, D. Verdi akagadzira opera "Louise Miller" yakabva pamutambo wekuti "Kungwara uye Rudo." Iyo opera yakanga isingazivikanwi zvikuru, asi yakange isina mubvunzo mimhanzi inofanirwa. Saka, simba raSchiller pane tsika dzepasi rose, uye izvi zvinotsanangura kufarira mubasa rake nhasi.