Zviumbwa. Masters zvehari. Main nuances zviumbwa

Zvehari pakutanga zvakangonyuka raanoziva vaishumirwa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi mumidziyo kuitira kudya kana pangagara kuti achengetere hombe zvinhu uye mvura. Nhasi kubudiswa nokuumba mu vhiri rimwe yakarongerwa wehari, uye ipapo chigadzirwa rwakapwa rinoshandisirwa kuri pachimedu, achiteverwa vachiridzira ivhu kunodiwa. Saka kugadzirwa zvinhu zvinoshandiswa chero munda: zvemumba, kuvakwa, kushongedzwa, Kushongedzwa matkamuistoja. zvigadzirwa izvi dzinonzi zvehari Ceramics, vanogona kuwanikwa ose pakona redu.

Pane zvidzidzo chikuru matatu kugadzirwa michina zvehari:

• kugadzirwa chivakwa pezvitinha;
• kugadzira nevhu kana ibwe zvavo;
• Kugadzirwa zvikuru yakanatswa wevhu kana porcelain zvinhu.

Pahwaro kugadzirwa michina, zvose makirasi zvehari zvakafanana mumwe, asi pane zvinoverengeka nuances chokuita kwokupedzisira mugumisiro. Musiyano mukuru - ivhu giredhi kuti vavete mwoyo chigadzirwa.

nyaya

Sezvambotaurwa, ari kuumba wakange raanoziva rinoshandiswa chete kugadzira midziyo kuchengeta zvinhu uye zvokudya. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo dzakasimukira, kwakapfumisa uye pamberi pedu nhasi hachisi chimiro ichi, vamwe vachiona madzitateguru edu. Nemhaka rwokugadzira zvinhu vakatanga kuonekwa itsva zvinhu kupfeka, havana zvakaguma kwaita zvinhu zvakadai refractory nezvidhinha, ibwe vazviziva, usina kukonekita, usina kukonekita, culverts, mapurani zvishongo nezvimwe zvinogadzirwa dzakawanda.

Nokuda kuti munzanga vajaira kudimburira nokushongedza zvehari, kuumba kubva muchikwata che ndege ndanogara muboka ounyanzvi. Kuita ivhu hari zvakanga zvakakurumbira kare kubvira vanhu Aingoziva yemhando zvinhu panyika - ivhu uye varo zvivako.

The Old Testament rinotaura kakawanda dzinotaura basa romuumbi uye zvaro. Dangwe yevhu, kunyange prehistoric nguva, uye vakaipedza noruoko rwomunhu, ukuwo, vakanga vasingapindiwo chimiro. Papera chinguva, pane kumativi uye denderedzwa zvigadzirwa, zviri pachena akaita tichibatsirwa vhiri yomuumbi. History haana akachengetedza mashoko chaiyo pakuonekwa denderedzwa, asi kutaurwa kwayo kuuya kubva kare.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti muAsia rokutanga porcelain kuoneka zviuru zviviri apfuura. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvehari China yakatanga nokukurumidza zvikuru kupfuura yose.

Mumwe rudzi aiva pachavo tsika dzayo chokuita nebasa iri, ikava art. Saka munyika African pakutanga ramakumi remakore zvakaitwa hari noruoko, vachiyanikira nevhu kuitwa zuva uye kubikira zvigadzirwa dzinoitwa tichibatsirwa kabanzu danda uye moto.

Kana Europe, zviri remakore rechisere zvehari iri zvakazara kuderera. ari Moors Spanish chete akamupa kusunda, panguva inenge imwe nguva, pakanga zvinogadzirwa kuti akanga akafukidzwa kuri pachimedu.

Zvehari vakagamuchira ichatonga zvine mbiri yayo kumativi remakore rechigumi nematatu. Chinonyanya unoshamisa pakaitika yakaitika Italy, pane yave kutanga majolica - kubva Ceramics mhando, yakaitwa chehove ivhu. Florence akapa nyika ine tenzi zvakadai unyanzvi zvehari, sezvo Luke basa Robbia, ake zvivezwa uye mamwe mabasa vari kuonekwa kuzvikudza rudzi uye munguva yedu.

Kushandisa ruzivo muvezi Robbia, Tuscan mafekitari kunge rimwe danho mberi - midziyo porcelain. Ivo vokutanga vanogumurwa moto vari ipapo zvemapuranga ane chena kuri pachimedu, vakaitwa umo manhamba dzakatsigira chigadzirwa akanga pasi kechipiri calcination, vakasimba kupfuura kutanga. Majolica akatanga kuita kwete chete mapurani kushongedzwa, asiwo zvemumba, vases, statuettes.

Mushure kuderera zvehari Italy, France akatora Baton. Zvakanga pano kuti akanga afunga choto kuti vachiridzira ivhu.

KuMiddle Ages zvehari kuumba uye chete kushandisa varombo, okumusoro makirasi inoshandiswa olovyanuyu, sirivha, nendarama. Kushandiswa kwakapararira zvehari vagamuchirawo kushongedzwa mukereke. Pano rakashandiswa kusika pamakate. zvigadzirwa akafanana yakashongedzwa Novgorod machechi uye temberi panguva Romanovs.

Pakupera nemisere remakore munyika yose vakatanga kubuda mafekitari rose kuti vari mubasa zviumbwa.

Ceramics

Musiyano mukuru pakati mhando chinhu zvedongo Zvinoumba mukanyiwa, uyewo kuti kuri pachimedu mhando, kubva yavakanga anobudiswa. Zvehari muri mhando mbiri: gobvu uye porous.

Gobvu - zvinhu avo kuti panguva vachiridzira nokuda kwokupisa fused kuva homogeneous guru hwakasimba. Pakutanga kwezana chigadzirwa ichi chinoratidza rinoonekera. Ndiye Semi-yakajeka uye asingauyi rishandise mvura, uye achirova simbi, achipa sesasaradzi dzomoto. Muenzaniso gobvu zvehari - porcelain.

Porous zvinopesana, nyore kuputswa, nemvura akapfuura. Pakati zvigadzirwa izvi - faience.

Pangava zvigadzirwa kuti hamuzi kwakadaro, uye tiri chinhu chimwe kuchinja pakati maviri marudzi.

batana

chikamu ichi zvehari muridzi parutivi zvinotevera:

• Hard porcelain. Fused vakawanda, translucent, nemicheka, kwakavharwa nenyama, homogeneous, yakasimba, hazvina ndibvume kuti zviito banga. porcelain ichi rine kaolin, choko, Goldstone uye feldspar. Zvinonzi pasi hunyambiri vachiridzira: simba kutanga kufukidza kuri pachimedu, shure zvakasimba unhani.
• Soft porcelain. It inonziwo French. Its kugutsikana - anenge segirazi kutungamirira kuri pachimedu. Zvinodawo vachiridzira kaviri, pakutanga simba kwazvo chete, asi pakupedzisira kurukutika.
• Neglazurirovanny porcelain kana bhisikiti. Rine zvatinosiita porcelain vakawanda.
• Paria. By kurema riri pedyo nyoro porcelain, ine yellowish Hue, trudnoplavky.
• Carrara. White, translucent. Its uremu - ndiwo muchinjikwa pakati ibwe zvinhu uye pariyanom.
• Stone zvigadzirwa. Vari dzinoratidzwa gobvu guru wakaisvonaka-grained. Kune munhuwo uye vanyoro zvigadzirwa, kunyanya chena.

porous

chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira:

• Gentle faience. Zviri musanganiswa refractory nevhu uye silica. It akafuka segirazi unhani. Weight opaque mhete.
• Munhuwo neyevhu, kana majolica. Izvi dzvuku-yellow guru, iro pashure vachiridzira chakafukidzwa olovyanoy opaque unhani.
• Goods tsika uye ognepostoyannoy ivhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvidhinha, usina kukonekita, zvikwepa abudise, etc.
• Chipiriso padombo guru, kana, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi: Terracotta. sezvamunoita Its - the akanatsa ivhu uye yasvika mashekeri apedza zvigadzirwa. Rinoshandiswa kuti kushongedzwa tumabhodhoro netumidziyo uye nezvimwe zvinhu.
• Munhuwo zviumbwa. Misa yakabereka kubva nevhu, ivhu marl, uye kubva opaque kutungamirira kuri pachimedu.

Zvinhu zviumbwa

Kuti zvidhina, porcelain neyevhu, unofanira kuita basa zvinotevera: kuti ivhu gobvu, kuumba izvozvo, zvaoma, kupisa uye cover kuri pachimedu. The zvinokosha zvokuvakisa kugadzirwa mishonga - ndiko ivhu. Tenzi vaumbi kushandisa ivhu yomuumbi wehari, izvo ane zvandinenge viscosity, uye ayo tembiricha nemishonga iri rakanakira kusika zvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo ivhu pachayo ane refu azvipire ductility zvaida ndiko kuwedzera ebetsero zvokuvakisa nokuti kuti vachiridzira ndepana wayo nokukurumidza uye gogonera compression, izvo Anoshandura chigadzirwa iri netsa chinhu. Kuti nyore chaizvo chigadzirwa, vanoda zvakawanda jecha, dota, sawdust, nokuti zviri nani unhu zvigadzirwa vanoda fireclay - upfu, iyo inogadzirwa kubva yakapwanyika chigadzirwa.

Nokuti kugadzirwa zvavo zvehari kare mined ivhu rinofanira kusiya mumwe kana vaviri makore mudenga nzvimbo kana mumvura. Pashure kuti zvakachinja mumabhokisi emapuranga, ari mafekitari kuita chaiwo michina. Chiito ichi zvinokosha kuti kuchenesa ivhu nematombo kana marara. Kamwe ivhu iri kudhonzwa kubva mabhokisi, zvakanyorwa kuputirwa yemamota kuti dzinobviswa aine banga panguva bwendefa. Zvakare vari inoiswa mumabhokisi uye zvakachinja zvakare, zvinonatswa nouipi, izvo aigona kugara pamusoro payo. Higher mugwaro zvigadzirwa, kunyanya Hauoneki zvinoda zvinoriumba kuti zvakakwana kucheneswa. Nokutonga inokosha benign pavazhinjisa nevhu - ayo homogeneity. Kuti yepamusoro rokutsvaira ivhu rakakamurwa zviduku zvidimbu, izvo inodiridzwa nemvura, uye pashure zuva "otmokaniya" rakabudiswa kupinda akanya machine. Mazino muchina pamwe kukurumidza vachishandisa kutenderera akagerwa ivhu, uye Hova yemvura achipfuura yokumusoro, anotora zvidimbu vashomashoma rinokosha dziva, huru vanoramba nechepasi. Pool kuchenesa inotevera vanochiva apo zvinonyadzisa nezvimedu vari rakachengetedzwa, zvichiteverwa imwe ndege inotakura muvira yechipiri dziva. It ivhu panobviswa chose. Michina iyi chete kushandiswa mvura inodziya, nekuti zviri nani patsanura zvidimbu nevhu, uye kuchenesa kwacho iri nokukurumidza chaizvo nemhaka optimum tembiricha.

The kukura zvakamisa hurongwa dzakatemerwa mumwe chigadzirwa yoga. Kusagadzikana rinorevawo kunoitika nenzira dzakasiyana: pakaoma, mashizha kana mvura jets. Pamusoro okutambirwa ichi yunifomu guru pane chinoramba vakawanda matema ndisingadiwi. nyaya iyi yapera kana chinokosha zvokushandisa, kana tsoka ivhu kungotaura peretaptyvaetsya kusvikira zvinodiwa kusachinja-chinja.

vachiridzira

In rakamanikana Mupfungwa, Ceramics - zviri ivhu chete, asi unopfuura vachiridzira. Saka, kana tichiti "Ceramics", izvozvo chinorehwa zvigadzirwa wakaita kubva inorganic nezvinhu (kazhinji That) uye wemisanganiswa dzaro yokuvirisa siyana, izvo anobudiswa panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha kwaizotevera kutonhora.

The vachiridzira kwacho kunotanga kusingarapiki kuchinja, pashure iyo zvinhu zviri dzikwanise Ceramics. Yakakwirira tembiricha Fusion youpfu nezvimedu rinowanika munzvimbo idzodzo umo vari kubatana.

In kugadzirwa porcelain michina vanosangana kuchinja. Izvi imhaka akasiyana zvokuvakisa, tembiricha inodiwa uye dzakasiyana zvivako zviri zvinoriumba. Mumwe nomumwe ane yayo feedstock kukura, uyewo imwe tembiricha:

• chigadzirwa nevhu - 1000-1200 madhigirii chilis ;
• nokuti zvedongo zvigadzirwa - 1100-1300;
• nokuti kugadzirwa porcelain - 1200-1400.

Product Technology calcination riri kuitwa nzira yakasiyana. Zvisinei, kupisa kwacho yezvidhinha - iri emakore, dzinogara tsika. Zvichienderana tembiricha uye paanowedzera kwacho kuwana zvigadzirwa kunosiyana yepamusoro. Naizvozvo, kufadza tembiricha iri romoto pakuburitswa haachinji, kusvikira painoguma kugadzirwa yose batch mangé zvigadzirwa.

Uyezve, pakuonekwa rapera chigadzirwa kunoenderana anoumba chadenga iri vachiridzira muvira. Anogona kukonzera vamwe mwero mhepo oxidation. Kushandisa zvikuru wainyatsotaura parameters zvinogona akatoita kuti yevhu ivhu ruvara shanduko kubva Brown girini.

kushandisa kuri pachimedu

Vamwe basa zvehari haina yakafukidzwa kuri pachimedu. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvidhinha, denga usina kukonekita, Terracotta hari. Anonzi akatakura PANE kuitira kudzivirira zvehari kubva kuunyoro hwakawandisa. The chete mugumisiro kubudirira kare uye vachiridzira mukaka - nzira yekupa chigadzirwa ane chitarisiko uye mvura nemishonga.

Not zvikuru zvinodhura yevhu glazuriruyutsya mbishi panguva iyoyo vachiridzira. Izvi zvinonzi Anting. Musimboti chiito ichi ndechokuti panguva calcination vira kupotsera munyu iyo ichichinja pamwando yogara pamusoro chigadzirwa. Panguva nzvimbo umo dzinotaurwa aumbwa fusible remubatanidzwa anonzi masvosve.

Chimwe bemhapemha nzira ndechokuti kuri pachimedu potolchennoy kuva upfu, nokusasawo chigadzirwa. Kazhinji ichi ndicho ine-akaita zvigadzirwa: hari, zvikwepa nezvimwe unfired. Tisati Coated, furawa namatidza chigadzirwa zodzera uye calcined.

Musimboti nzira rechitatu ndechokuti rinodurura kuri pachimedu chigadzirwa chine kwemashoko cream. A nzira yakafanana zvinenge zvakazara zvinogadzirwa zvakasimba kuti murege haina kunyanya kufungisisa mvura. Somuenzaniso, dzimwe mhando porcelain neyevhu.

Uye chokupedzisira nzira ndechokuti porcelain neyevhu zvigadzirwa inoiswa mugaba ine kuri pachimedu. Nzira iri rakagadzirirwa kuti chigadzirwa, izvo pasi simba vachiridzira uye pakutanga absorbs zvokunwa. Kuri pachimedu ivhu kuva upfu, hwakakanyiwa mvura. In emura chakatodzana mukaka ichi kusachinja-chinja, chigadzirwa anoiswa, iyo absorbs musanganiswa. On a kuri pachimedu zvakadaro iwe zvinogoneka kuti mifananidzo.

Art Therapy

In mutinhimira yanhasi, mumwe anowana nzira kuzorora. Chimwe chezvinhu akanaka uye kujairika nzira - kuita zviumbwa. Pane nzira mbiri kuedza rwake panguva unyanzvi ichi. The yokutanga - kutenga vhiri nomuumbi wehari uye anodiwa zvinhu Muperekedzi. Zvehari kumba kwake - zviri Stylish kwete chete uye mufashoni, asi kusimba mafaro iwe, mhuri yako uye shamwari. Muchiitiko chino, unogona kunzwa wakasununguka yokudhirowa, edza zvitarisiko siyana, zvichibva pavhidhiyo Tutorials.

Nzira yechipiri - yevhu chikoro. In vekirasi vatsva, sezvo uine, uchakwanisa kuedza pamusoro basa runako, yokudhirowa uye Musiki chivezwa.

Vanachiremba vanoti zvehari - nzira huru kutsungirira kushushikana, kuva nemaonero uye anokuda. Art jekiseni maererano nenyanzvi, mumwe kumusoro nzira kurwisa kuora mwoyo uye nezvimwe chetsinga zvirwere. Dandadzo kuti vhiri omuumbi kunobatsira kuronga pfungwa, tisingabatanidzi zviduku hassles nezuva uye kutsvaka nzira yokubuda ezvinhu akaoma. "Full kuzvipira hakuzopedzi zvinetso zvako, asi zvirokwazvo kuchabatsira kuwana nzira kuagadzirisa", - nenzwi rimwe kutaura navanachiremba.

Products nemaoko avo pachavo

In imba imwe neimwe pane ivhu, zvedongo kana porcelain. The vakawanda Kugadzirwa kwakaoma vakashamiswa munhu fekitari nezvirongo kana vhasi kuti maruva.

Zvehari - zviri kusimba kunakidza chaizvo ruzivo mhuri yose. Unogona unakidzwe, kudzidza bhizimisi idzva, unyanzvi uye nounyanzvi.

Shanyira rokutanga wehari workshop, uchafanira kuita hari dzavo. Nyatsoteererai vadzidzisi kazhinji nokutsungirira vari beginners, kuvatungamirira uye kubatsira pazvinhu zvose. Zvehari kunobatsira kutsungirira kushushikana duku, kutsauswa kubva muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Uye zvigadzirwa kuti iwe pachako, ichava nguva chokudada mumwe kukunda pamusoro pachake. Uyezve, pashure WASHANDA nokuti Circle tsinzinisai muhari wako, iwe uchagona kunyora maoko ake pachake. Pano ungaratidza chinoshamisira zvose. chigadzirwa ichi ndicho chakakwana chipo kune munhu waunoda.

Popular mapati, okuberekwa uye ezvokutengeserana zviitiko vachengeterwe kwakadaro kujairika basa. Ichi chakanaka mukana wokutaura, kuziva mumwe uye kuona zvinhu uye shamwari dzavo. Uyezve, zororo iri zvirokwazvo kurangarirwa kuti kusiyana kwayo, mavambo, uye zvinogadzirwa akaita tisingatungamirirwi vhiri omuumbi, uchava chipo chikuru pakuyeuka rimwe zuva anoshamisa. Uye mumwe anogona kuona tarenda zvakakomba uye ichakurukura nyaya iyi, mune ramangwana, kuti kuvhura yake miziyamu zvehari. Kunyanya kunakirwa ichi basa vana. Kana vari zvakanaka sculpting kubva ivhu, imi zvino vanofanira kuedza kuvapa yevhu chikoro. Izvi zvichabatsira kuva injini nounyanzvi maoko, vane zvainoita kufara mwana kunobatsira, uye achaita kuzarura zvinhu zvinogona mwana. Interesting uye hunonakidza chitandadzo hwapedyo kutarisirwa, zvokufungidzira uye kufunga.

A chitandadzo kana bhizimisi?

Munyika yanhasi zvehari kwakakurumbira chaizvo. Vanopinda muchikwata mishonga zviri nguva dzose ari kudiwa uye akakodzera. imba imwe neimwe ine kicheni midziyo, vases, nehari, zvivezwa uye matkamuistoja siyana. Kwemazana emakore akawanda nebasa iri, dzichiri kupinda unyanzvi, yakakurumbira uye kudiwa. Uye nekuti kuchiva zvehari inozikanwa achikura kuva nebhizimisi chaiye. Own zvehari ndizvo nemabhizimisi chaizvo, nokuti huru mbishi zvinhu - nevhu - akasununguka zvinhu kuti sezvariri nhema chete pasi petsoka dzedu. Beautiful, yepakutanga, mugadziri zvinogona kuunza mari zvakanaka mugadziri. tenzi zvehari - ndiwo basa nokuda mweya. Unogona Siyanisai nyika, kuwana rakasiyana nemamwe chitandadzo ichakuswededzai purofiti, uyewo anoratidza okugadzira zvinhu zvenyu.

Zvehari kwakakurumbira munyika yose. Pasinei ndiye atova mashoma gumi emakore, havana kubuda mufashoni.