Alexander Selkirk: pfupi biography

Robinson Crusoe inyanzvi inofanirwa mubhuku raDhaniel Defoe, yakatanga kubudiswa muna 1719. Mubasa iri rakakurumbira Robinson chikepe chakakanganiswa uye chiri pachitsuwa, ichigara ari oga kusvikira asangana neChishanu, mumwe oga ari kugara pachiwi.

Alexander Selkirk: Biography

Nhoroondo yeDefoe, zvisinei, inobva paupenyu hwechokwadi hwechikepe cheScotland. Chimiro chaRobinson Crusoe Alexander Selkirk (Mufananidzo wechifananidzo chake chinoratidzwa pasi apa) akaberekwa muna 1676 mumusha muduku wekurovedza weCol Largo, muFife region, Scotland, pedyo nemuromo weFirth of Forth.

Akabhadharwa nehokepewain pachikepe "Sen Por", akatungamira rwendo rwomunhu oga muna 1702. Vatenzi vengarava vakagamuchira wega pepa patent kubva kuna Ishe Admiral, uyo asina kungobvumira zvikepe zvevatengesi kuzvidzivirira kubva kunezvikepe zvekunze kune kuzvidzivirira, asiwo zvakagamuchirwa kurwiswa kwavari, kunyanya avo vaifamba pasi pemiti yevavengi munyika yeBritain. Izvozvi, kusavhengana kwakanga kusina kusiyanisa neupiritiri - kubavha yaiva imwe nzira yekuwana mari, apo kushambadzira kwegungwa kwemazuva ose kwakamira munguva yehondo.

Mugumo we "Sen Por" wakanga usingabvumirwi kuwirirana kune umwe munhu wega wega, anotungamirirwa nemukuru we "St. George" William Dampier.

License yekubata

MunaEpril 1703, Dampier akabva kuLondon pamusoro wefambiro yakazara nezvikepe zviviri, yechipiri chayo yainzi "Mukurumbira" uye yakanga iri pasi pomurairo weCaptain Pulling. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange zvisati zvasara kubva kuTeds, vatungamiriri vakapopotedzana, uye Fame yakasimuka, ichibva kuSt. George chete. Muparidzi akaenda nechikepe kuKinsale, Ireland, uye ikoko akasangana ne "Sank Pore" pasi pomurairo we Pickering. Zvikepe zvose zvakasarudza kubatanidza, uye chibvumirano chitsva chakagumiswa pakati pevatungamiri vaviri.

Murwi akashandurwa naTomasi Escort kutumira rwendo kuenda kuSouth Sea (Pacific Ocean) kuitira kuti atsvake uye abate zvikepe zveSpain zvinotakura pfuma. Vatungamiriri vaviri vakabvumirana kuti vafambise chikepe pamhenderekedzo yeSouth America ndokutora chikepe cheSpain muBuenos Aires. Kana kuwedzera kwacho kwaiva 60 000 pounds sterling kana kupfuura, kufamba kwacho kwaiva kudzokera kuEngland pakarepo. Muchiitiko chekukundikana, shamwari dzacho dzakaronga kuenda kuCape Horn kuzorwa nezvikepe zveSpanish zvinotakura ndarama kubva kumigodhi muLima. Kana izvi zvisina kuitika, zvakabvumirwa kushambira kuchamhembe uye kuedza kutora Acapulco, ngarava yemaslala nguva dzose inotakura pfuma.

Anoshamisika kufamba

The Cape expedition yakabva kuIreland muna May 1703, uye sezvo bhizinesi raifambira mberi, hazvina kufamba zvakanaka. Mapurisa nevashandi vese vakakakavadzana, uye ipapo Pickering akarwara ndokufa. Akatsiviwa naThomas Stradling. Nharo, zvisinei, hazvina kumira. Kusagutsikana kwakakonzerwa nekufungidzirwa kwevashandi vaKaputeni Dampier vasina kugadzirirwa zvakakwana mukusarudza kana kupamba zvikepe zvaipfuura uye, semugumisiro, huwandu hwakawanda hwakarasika. Akakanganiswawo kuti, mushure mokunge basa racho rapera, iye neshamwari yake Edward Morgan havadi kugoverana nhapwa nevashandi.

MunaFebruary 1704, panguva yekumira pachitsuwa cheJuan Fernandez, boka re "Sen Por" rakapanduka ndokuramba kudzokera muchikepe. Vashandi vacho vakadzokera kuchikepe mushure mekupindira kwaKaputeni Dumper. Zvakanyanya kuipa, zvikepe nemagare zvakaramba zviri pachitsuwa chacho, mushure mekunge boka racho rakakurumidza kupedza basa, ichicherechedza chikepe cheFrance. Sezvo rwendo rwacho ruchienderera mberi, nzira yekuchenesa nekugadzirisa ngarava dzinodiwa kudzivirira kuparadzwa kwechikepe nemhonye dzakarasika, uye zvikepe zvakakurumidza kupera. Panguva iyoyo, ukama huri pakati pemapoka acho maviri hwasvika pane imwe nzvimbo, uye ipapo vakabvumirana pavakagovana Panama Bay kuti vagoverane zvakapambwa uye kupararira.

Nharo pamusoro pechikepe

MunaSeptember 1704, "St. George" akaenda nechikepe, uye "Sank Pore" yakadzokera kuna Juan Fernandez mukuedza kudzorera zvikepe zvake nemagetsi, asi zvakazoitika kuti chikepe cheFrance chakavatora. Kwakanga iri pano apo bokepewain Alexander Selkirk vakatendeuka, vachiramba kushambira mberi. Akanzwisisa kuti chikepe chacho chakanga chakaipa kwazvo, uye ukama hwake naKaptain Stradling hwakanga hwakaoma zvokuti akasarudza kuedza ruzivo rwake neminda paMas-a-Tierra, chimwe chezvitsuwa zvisingagari zveboka Juan Fernandez. Akasiyiwa nebhasiti, banga, demo, oats uye fodya, pamwe chete nebhaibheri, mabhuku echitendero uye dzimwe nzira dzakabatsirana nemaoko. Pakupedzisira nguva Alexander Selkirk akakumbira kumutora, asi Stradling akaramba.

Somugumisiro zvakazoitika, kunyange zvisingadi kuda kwake, akaponesa hupenyu hwake. Mushure mokufamba nechikepe kubva kuJuan Fernandez, chirwere "Senk nguva" yakasimba kwazvo zvokuti vashandi vacho vakamanikidzwa kubva muchikepe ndokuchinja zvigaro pamakumbo. Vakapona vasara gumi nemasere chete vakakwanisa kusvika kumhenderekedzo yeSouth America, kwavakatorwa. VaSpain uye vagari vomunyika yacho vakavabata zvakashata uye vashandi vakaiswa mujeri.

Alexander Selkirk: hupenyu pachitsuwa chacho

Pedyo nemhenderekedzo, akawana mubako kwaaigona kurarama, asi mumwedzi yekutanga yaityisidzirwa nokugara kwake oga uye kusurukirwa kwaaisambosiyiwa pamahombekombe, achidya chete shellfish. Alexander Selkirk - mufananidzo weRobinson Crusoe - mazuva akapera pamahombekombe, achitarisa mugumo uye netariro yekuona ngarava yaizomuponesa. Anopfuura kamwechete akambofunga nezvekuzviuraya.

Mhere-mhere inoshamisa, ichibva kunzvimbo yakadzika yechitsuwa ichi, yakamuvhundusa, uye yakaita seyo kuchema kwemhuka dzomusango, dzeropa. Chaizvoizvo, dzakabudiswa nemiti yakawira kubva mhepo ine simba. Selkirk akauya mupfungwa dzake apo gungwa rake rakatorwa nemazana ehumba dzegungwa. Pakanga pane vazhinji vavo, uye vakange vakakura kwazvo uye vanotya zvokuti haana kutya kuenda kumahombekombe, uko kwaingova nemugove mumwe chete wezvokudya zvake.

Nenzira yakanaka, mupata waiva wakakura nemiti yakakura, kunyanya, makateji emakwenzi, iyo yakava imwe yezvokudya zvayo zvakanyanya. Mukuwedzera, Selkirk akawana kuti chitsuwa chacho chaigara nembudzi zhinji dzomusango, zvichida yakasara pano nevapambi. Pakutanga, akavatsva nepfuti, uye ipapo, apo pfuti yacho yapera, akadzidza kuvabata nemaoko ake. Pakuguma, Alex akafukidzira vashoma uye akavapa nyama nemukaka.

Chinetso chechitsuwa chacho chaiva mapundu makuru anotyisa aive netsika yekucheka maoko ake netsoka paakanga akarara. Nenzira yakanaka, chitsuwa chacho chaigara mhuka dzomusango. Selkirk akachera maverengi, uye usiku vakakomba mubhedha wake, vachimudzivirira kubva kumakonzo.

Phantom Hope

Alexander Selkirk akarota nezveruponeso uye zuva rimwe nerimwe akatarisa kunze kwezvikepe, akatungidza mwenje, asi makore akawanda akanga apfuura vasati vashanyira Cumberland Bay. Zvisinei, kushanyira kokutanga kwakanga kusiri chaizvo zvaaitarisira.

Achifara, Alex akamhanyira kumahombekombe kuti anyore zvikepe zviviri zvakagadzika pamhenderekedzo. Pakarepo akaziva kuti vaiva yeSpain! Kubva kuEngland neSpain pakanga pane hondo, Selkirk akaziva kuti mukutapwa kwake kwakaipa kudarika rufu, mugumo wemuranda mumunyu wemunyu, wakamumirira. Dare rekutsvaga rakasvika kumahombekombe uye, richicherechedza "Robinson", yakatanga kumupfura paaimhanya uye akavanza. Pakuguma, vaSpain vakamira kutsvaga uye munguva pfupi vakasiya chiwi. Kudzivisa kutapwa, Alex akadzokera kumakati ake nembudzi.

Anofara Ruponeso

"Robinson" akagara pachitsuwa chacho oga kwemakore mana nemwedzi mina. Akanunurwa nemumwe munhu wega wega, akatungamirirwa naCaptain Woods Rogers. Mumagazini yake yemakungwa, iyo yaakatungamirira panguva ino rwendo rwakakurumbira, Rogers akatsanangura nguva yekuponesa Selkirk munaFebruary 1709.

"Takasvika pachitsuwa cheJuan Fernandez musi waJanuary 31. Kuzadzikisa nzvimbo idzi, takagara ipapo kusvikira 13 February. Pachivako, hatina kuwana Alexander Selkirk, wokuScotland uyo akasiiwa naCaptain Stradling, uyo akaperekedza Captain Dampier parwendo rwake rwekupedzisira, uye uyo akapona kwemakore mana nemwedzi mina, asina mweya wehupenyu waaigona kutaura naye, Uye kwete imwe sateti, kunze kwemhuka dzomusango. "

Zvechokwadi, pasinei nekumanikidzwa kwake oga, Selkirka aifanira kunyengetera kuti aizomira mukati, nokuti akaziva kuti pakati pevanunura vake aiva mutungamiriri wekufamba-famba mugwagwa "Senk por" uye iye zvino mutyairi ari mungarava Woods, Roger Dampier. Pakupedzisira, akazobvuma kusiya chikoro ichi, uye akazogadzwa mubatsiri kune "Roger" yeRogers. Gore rakatevera, mushure mekutorwa kweSpain ship Nuestra Senora de Incarnacion Disenganio, iyo yaitakura ndarama, mukepe Alexander Sekerkirk akaitwa zvikepe zvechikepe chitsva chekufamba, akazotumidza zita rokuti "Bachelor."

Dzokera

Rwendo rweMiti Rogers rwakapedzwa muna 1711 nekusvika kweThames. Mufananidzo weRobinson Crusoe Alexander Selkirk paakadzoka akazozivikanwa zvikuru. Iye, zvakadaro, akakumbirwa kupupurira mumhosva yakapomerwa naWilliam Dampier naErizabheti Creswell, mwanasikana wemuridzi wekutanga rwendo, nokuda kwekukuvara kwakaitwa muna 1703.

Mushure meizvozvo, "Robinson" akaenda nechikepe chezvitengesi kuenda kuBristol, kwaakatongerwa nekurwisa. Zvichida, mhosva yacho yakaiswa nevatsigiri veDumper, asi zvisinei yakaramba iri muchitokisi kwemakore maviri.

Alexander Selkirk, mufambisi wengarava, marque naRobinson, vakafa mugungwa muna 1721.