Aluminum, aruminiyamu kugadzirwa: ano, urongwa uye tsananguro

Aluminum ane zvakawanda zvinhu kuti chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru kushandiswa zvinhu munyika. Zvinonzi rinoparadzirwa zvakasikwa, kutora nzvimbo yokutanga pakati simbi. Zvaizoratidza sokuti matambudziko yayo firimu hakufaniri. Asi matunhu zvemakemikari basa nesimbi kunotungamirira kuti haina kusangana, uye zvibereko akachena - zvakaoma, inodhura uye simba nyanyisa.

Raw zvokuvakisa kugadzirwa

Kubva izvo mbishi zvinhu zviri aruminiyamu? Aluminum Kugadzirwa zvicherwa zvose zvine nayo, dzinodhura uye uneconomic. Kusvina kubva bauxite, ane kusvika 50% aruminiyamu oxides uye iiswe zvakananga pamusoro penyika makore makuru.

Izvi aruminiyamu mhangura vane zvikuru kunzwisisa makemikari anoumba. Ivo ane alumina mune imwe mari 30-70% pakurema, silicas, izvo zvinogona kusvika 20% resimbi oxide iri zvinobva 2 kusvika 50%, titanium (kusvika 10%).

Aluminas, uye ichi alumina rinoumbwa hydroxides, corundum uye kaolinite.

Recently alumina kugadzirirwa kubva simbi nephelines izvo vanoumba uyewo yavaibvisa, potassium oxide, silica, uye alunite.

Nokuti kugadzirwa 1 tani rakachena aruminiyamu vanoda anenge matani maviri alumina, izvo, akavapindurawo, wakagadzirirwa kubva anenge 4,5 matani bauxite.

bauxite

Limited matura bauxite munyika. Around pose mumatunhu ose nomwe, iine vapfumi deposits. It Guinea muna Africa, Brazil, Venezuela uye Suriname kuSouth America, Jamaica, muCaribbean, Australia, India, China, Greece neTurkey kusvika kuMediterranean uye Russia.

Munyika umo mune mupfumi deposits pamusoro bauxite, anogona kuva nounhu kugadzirwa aruminiyamu. Russian bauxite mumigodhi iri Urals, Altai uye Krasnoyarsk Territories, mune rimwe mumaruwa pakati Leningrad nharaunda, nepheline - on Kola Peninsula.

The vakapfuma deposits vaiva ne UC RUSAL ndiye Russian nevanopinda kambani. Chinoteverwa pavarefu Rio Tinto (Australia-England), akaita vabatana pamwe Canada Alcan uye CVRD. Munzvimbo rwechina Chalco kambani kubva China, ipapo US-Australian dzesangano Alcoa, idzo uyewo kupfuura aruminiyamu vaburitsi.

Mabviro kugadzirwa

Danish yefizikisi Oersted dzinounzwa aruminiyamu wokutanga vakasununguka muchimiro muna 1825. Makemikari maitiro kwakaitika pamwe aruminiyamu chloride uye potassium amalgam, panzvimbo iyo makore maviri gare gare kemisiti German Wohler vachishandisa esimbi potassium.

Potassium - ane zvinhu zvinodhura Zvisinei mune maindasitiri kugadzirwa aruminiyamu wokuFrance St. Clair Deville 1854 panzvimbo potassium yavaibvisa godu kushandiswa, chinhu zviri isingadhuri, uye kaviri nemishonga aruminiyamu chloride uye yavaibvisa.

musayendisiti Russian NN Beketov aigona bvikinyidza ari aruminiyamu kubva zvakaumbwa cryolite magnesium. Mukupera eighties remakore chete makemikari maitiro akashandiswa vokuGermany musi wokutanga aruminiyamu smelter. Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore XVIII rwaiwanikwa nemakemikari zvinoreva matani anenge 20 yakaisvonaka simbi. Rakanga aruminiyamu zvinodhura chaizvo.

Kugadzirwa aruminiyamu kubudikidza electrolysis dzakatangira 1886, apo vose vari vanenge kufanana kudare bvumidzwa zvikumbiro izvi nzira havaoni nyanzvi American kubudikidza Hall uye wokuFrance Heroult muitiro. Vakabayira kukurumidza alumina mu cryolite wakaumbwa obva electrolysis kuwana aruminiyamu.

With ichi vakatanga aruminiyamu indasitiri, razova kwerinopfuura zana remakore rimwe matavi pakukura indasitiri.

The chikuru zvokukura kugadzirwa michina

Kazhinji, aruminiyamu kugadzira michina haana kuchinja kubvira pakusikwa.

Muitiro ine muzvikamu zvitatu. Musi wokutanga aruminiyamu mhangura kana bauxite kana nephelines akawana alumina - aruminiyamu oxide Al ₂ O _3.

Zvadaro, kubva maindasitiri aruminiyamu hydroxide ari oga ane wakachena 99,5%, izvo kukwana vamwe zvinangwa.

Saka, pakupedzisira Danho kunojekeswa aruminiyamu. Aluminum Kugadzirwa kwapera okuchenesa zvayo 99,99%.

kuwana alumina

Kune zvitatu nzira yokuwana alumina kubva ores:

- asidhi;

- Electrolytic;

- alkaline.

The yokupedzisira nzira - rakajairika, yakatanga kare chete XVIII remakore, asi yave kakawanda rakadzokororwa uye yekudyidzana akavandudzika, rinoshandiswa kuti kubudiswa bauxite mukuru-mugiredhi. Saka inotengwa anenge 85% alumina.

Pfupiso alkali nzira ndechokuti aruminiyamu mhinduro anoora panguva kumhanya kana vari chakaunzwa aruminiyamu hydroxide. The yasara mhinduro yakanga Ipwa pashure zvakaitwa pane mukuru tembiricha anenge 170 ° C uye zvakare kushandiswa pokufa alumina;

First Bauxite akadzvinyirirwa uye pasi zvigayo pamwe caustic madota uye zvine autoclave dzimwe kutonhora anosvika 250. ° C, iyo manyowa waro makemikari yavaibvisa aluminate aumbwa, iyo rakasanganiswa ane alkaline mhinduro kare panguva yakaderera tembiricha - 100 ° C dzose aluminate inotoda kushambidzwa chaiwo thickeners, akaparadzaniswa sludge. Ipapo chiri kudzikisirana. Solution akanga pumped kuburikidza filters ari mudziyo ine stirrer kuti kuramba anokurudzira murwiyo umo mbeu rakawedzerwa chakasimba aruminiyamu hydroxide.

The hydrocyclones uye Vacuum filters dzinounzwa aruminiyamu hydroxide, chikamu riri vakadzorera mbeu acho, uye chikamu anoenda calcination. The filtrate dzasara pashure kupatsanurwa kubva hydroxide, uyewo anodzoka turnover inotevera batch mangé leaching kuti bauxite.

Calcination muitiro (kupera mvura mumuviri) hydroxide ari muhombe yezvidhinha dzimwe kutonhora kusvika 1300 ° C.

For matani maviri alumina kuparadzwa 8.4 kWh dzemagetsi.

Strong makemikari remubatanidzwa ane utsotso tembiricha iri 2050 ° C, hachisi aruminiyamu. Aluminum kugadzirwa mberi.

Electrolysis kuti alumina

Mukuru midziyo nokuti electrolysis ane kugeza chaiyo, mudungwe pamwe kabhoni zvinogumbura. To make dzemagetsi ukapisa murwi. The kabhoni anodes vanonyudzwa kugeza iri combusted mune hurumende ichiisa yakaisvonaka okisijeni uye chimiro oxides ulgleroda monoxide uye dioxide. Madziva kana elektrilizery sezvo vari kunzi nezvokurara, vanobatanidzwa yemagetsi redunhu series, pova dzakatevedzana. The kuchinyanya kuitika hazvisi 150 zviuru amperes.

Anodes rinogona mhando mbiri: Coal vanogumurwa kubva yakawanda inoperera, ane murwi zvingava mukuru Söderberg matani uye raiumbwa marasha briquettes ari aruminiyamu mumuhara, izvo sintered munguva electrolysis panguva pamatunhu tembiricha.

Tools Sero voltage kazhinji kumativi 5 volts. It anofunga voltage zvakakodzera kuti manyowa ose oxide uye sarambidzika kurasikirwa ari mapazi network.

Kubva zvazvichanyungudutswa cryolite anotsanangura yakaumbwa alumina yakaumbwa nesimbi yakanyungudutswa, inova zvairema kupfuura electrolyte munyu rakachengetedzwa pamusoro marasha hwaro kugeza. It panguva nenguva anobviswa.

aruminiyamu kugadzirwa kwacho kunoda guru Magetsi rinodyiwa. Kuti vawane mumwe tani kuti aruminiyamu kubva alumina, zvinokosha kupedza anenge 13.500 kWh dzemagetsi DC. Saka, mumwe zvimiso pakusika maindasitiri makuru nzvimbo iri kushanda pamwe simba simba chirimwa.

aruminiyamu achinatsa

The inozivikanwa zvikuru nzira - a-rukoko matatu electrolysis. Zvinodawo nzvimbo iri electrolysis dzokugezera pamwe marasha pachoto mudungwe pamwe magnesite. The anode pakuitika pachayo anoshumira yakaumbwa nesimbi, izvo yakacheneswa. It riri mumupata rukoko uri conductive muchaenga. aruminiyamu rakaisvonaka urwa mukati electrolyte kubva anode layer zvinonzwisiswa uye anoshanda sezvo cathode. Magetsi paanenge yaipiwa kwachiri Via imwe graphite electrode.

The electrolyte ari zvenguva rukoko - ndiko aruminiyamu fluoride kana wakachena kana kuwedzera yavaibvisa chloride uye barium. Zvinonzi neshungu kuti 800 ° C tembiricha.

Energy kunwa munguva-rukoko matatu nokunatsiridza iri kWh 20 paminiti makirogiramu nesimbi, i.e. chimwe tani vanoda zviuru 20 KW * h. Ndicho chikonzero, sezvo pasina kugadzirwa nesimbi, aruminiyamu zvinoda kwete kunobva magetsi simba, uye vakawanda simba chirimwa munharaunda.

The rakanatswa aruminiyamu chaipo duku kwazvo rine simbi, nesilicon, mhangura, zingi, titanium uye magnesium.

Mushure achinatsa, aruminiyamu iri muzvikamu marketable zvigadzirwa. vara iri uye waya, uye jira, uye vara.

panguva iyoyo zvigadzirwa yaunganidzwa achinatsa, muchidimbu, sezvo yakasimba precipitate, rinoshandiswa kuti deoxidation, uye kuwedzera zvishoma muchimiro ane alkali mhinduro.

Absolutely yakaisvonaka aruminiyamu anogadzirwa wakatevera utsotso mapazi simbi iri inert gasi kana Vacuum. A zvinoshamisa chinhu chiri yakakwirira conductivity panguva cryogenic tembiricha.

Recycling pamusoro yechipiri mbishi zvinhu

A kota zvachose kudiwa aruminiyamu kunozadziswa kierrätys mbishi zvinhu. Chezvinhu recyclable runoyerera chakuvhuvhu Kudzingwa.

Pre-yanyungudiswa mbishi zvinhu arongwe ari pachikumbaridzo muvira. Mariri nesimbi ane wakakwirira utsotso pfungwa pane aruminiyamu Somuenzaniso, nickel uye simbi. Nekuti yakaumbwa aruminiyamu kuiisa chlorine kana senitrogen Kuchenesa inobvisa siyana non-esimbi inclusions.

More fusible simbi tsvina vanobviswa dopants magnesium, zingi, kana nemekiyuri uye kubvisa. Magnesium kuiisa chlorine yabviswa kubva uchanyangadika.

The zvakafanorongwa Kudzingwa chiwanikwa vakawana nokusuma yokuvirisa ayo pakutsvaga Kuronga yakanyungudutswa aruminiyamu.

aruminiyamu Kugadzirwa nzvimbo

Maererano China aruminiyamu kuparadzwa rakava rokutanga, vachisiya kure shure panzvimbo yechipiri ndivo US uye muridzi nzvimbo yechitatu Germany.

China - imwe nyika uye kugadzirwa aruminiyamu, nokuda navanopinda kumucheto achitungamirira munzvimbo iyi.

Pamusoro gumi, kunze China, vari Russia, Canada, Brazil, India, USA, Australia, Norway, Brazil uye Bahrain.

The Russian monopolist iri kugadzirwa alumina uye aruminiyamu unobatanidzwa kambani RUSAL. Inobereka kumusoro mamiriyoni 4 matani aruminiyamu pagore uye kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa zvayo munyika makumi manomwe uye aripo mumakondinendi mashanu munyika namanomwe.

American kambani Alcoa muridzi mbiri metallurgia zvirimwa muRussia.

Kudeuka aruminiyamu mugadziri mu China - kambani Chalco. Kusiyana kune dzimwe vakwikwidzi, ose ayo ndeizvi kuramba ari mumusha nyika.

Hydro Aluminum weboka Norwegian kambani Norsk Hydro muridzi aruminiyamu smelters muNorway, Germany, Slovakia, Canada, uye Australia.

Australian BHP Billiton muridzi aruminiyamu kugadzirwa mu Australia, South Africa uye South America.

Bahrain ndiye Alba (Aluminum Zimbabwe BSC) - zvichida kupfuura pamwero mukuru kugadzirwa. Aluminum mugadziri kuti zvinotora anopfuura 2% of zvachose Vhoriyamu "mapapiro" simbi anobudiswa munyika.

Saka, Paaipedzisa kutaura, tinogona kutaura kuti huru aruminiyamu vaburitsi muri makambani dzakawanda pamwe matura bauxite. Uye chete simba-unoparadza muitiro chinosanganisira chokuwana alumina kubva aruminiyamu mhangura kugadzirwa fluorides, izvo zvinosanganisira cryolite, carbon anode namatidza uye kabhoni anode, cathode, lining zvinhu, uye zvakakodzera electrolytic kugadzirwa yakaisvonaka simbi iri huru chezvinonhuwira aruminiyamu uye simbi.