Aluminum mhangura: zvangu, migodhi

In indasitiri ano, bauxite ndiye vakatsvaka-akawanda mbishi zvinhu. Kukurumidza kukura zvesainzi akabvumira kuti akudziridze kutsanangurwa chikumbiro chacho. Ndeipi aruminiyamu mhangura, uye apo anogadzirwa - chinorondedzerwa munyaya ino.

Industrial aruminiyamu ukoshi

Aluminum ndicho simbi. By nokuwanda deposits, iye rakava rechitatu ari goko. Aluminum anozivikanwa vose zvakanaka ive chinhu periodic table, iyo inorondedzera kuti chiedza simbi.

Aluminum mhangura - wechisikigo mbishi zvinhu kubva iyo simbi inotengwa. Kumboda zvinonzi zvikaramba kubva bauxite, ane aruminiyamu oxide (alumina) ari kupfuura mari - kubva 28 kusvika 80%. Other dzinoita - alunite, nepheline, nepheline-apatite uye zvakare senzira mbishi mashoko aruminiyamu kugadzirwa, asi vane zvakaipisisa yepamusoro, uye ane substantially zvishoma alumina.

In asiri ferrous nesimbi aruminiyamu, izvozvo rakava kutanga. Chokwadi ndechokuti nokuda zvachiri, rinoshandiswa mune dzakawanda maindasitiri. Nokudaro, simbi inoshandiswa zvekufambisa engineering, kavha maindasitiri, kuvaka uye nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi siyana nevatengi nhumbi. Uyewo, aruminiyamu iri zvinowanzoshandiswa zvemagetsi mapurani.

Kuti tinzwisise kukosha aruminiyamu vanhu, tsvaka zvinokwana zvinhu zvezuva nezuva tinoshandisa ose zuva. Vazhinji mhuri zvinhu zvakagadzirwa aruminiyamu vari pagondobwe midziyo yemagetsi (sefiriji, washing machine, etc ...), Plates, midziyo mitambo, matkamuistoja, nechomukati okunze. Aluminum rinowanzoshandiswa pagadzirwe-siyana kavha. Somuenzaniso, magaba kana midziyo kuti chenhando foil.

Mhando aruminiyamu ores

Aluminum zvirimowo mu zvicherwa anopfuura 250. Izvi, zvinokosha kuti indasitiri vari bauxite, nepheline uye alunite. Ngatikurukurei navo zvizere.

bauxite mhangura

Zvakasikwa, vakachena aruminiyamu hakuitiki. Kumboda anogadzirwa kubva aruminiyamu mhangura - bauxite. chicherwa ichi, izvo zvikurukuru ine aruminiyamu hydroxide, uyewo simbi nesilicon oxides. Nokuda huru zviri alumina (40 kusvika 60%) kushandisa bauxite sechinhu mbishi mashoko aruminiyamu kugadzirwa.

The ehupfumi zvokunyama aruminiyamu esimbi:

• opaque chicherwa tsvuku uye ndachena mune noruvara siyana;
• kwekuoma hwakasimba specimens 6 musi Mohs 'pamwero;
• arambe achirema bauxite, zvichienderana makemikari anoumba kunosiyana-siyana iri kuwanda 2900-3500 makirogiramu / m³.

Deposits pakati bauxite esimbi vari pfungwa iri ichinaya uye dzinopisa zvikamu zvenyika. deposits Older dziri muRussia.

Sezvo aumbwa bauxite aruminiyamu mhangura

Bauxite achiumbwa kubva alumina hydrate monohydrate, boehmite uye zhiganov, trehvodnogo hydrate - hydrargillite hydroxides uye anoenderana zvicherwa, uye simbi oxide.

Zvichienderana murwiyo prirodoobrazuyuschih zvinhu musiyano mapoka matatu bauxite esimbi:

1. Monohydrate bauxite - ine alumina monohydrate fomu.
2. Trigidratnye - zvicherwa dzakadaro akaumbwa alumina mu trehvodnoy fomu.
3. Hwakakanyiwa - boka iri unotora yakasanganiswa yapfuura aruminiyamu mhangura.

Deposits akaumba mbishi zvinhu nokuda weathering pamusoro acid, alkali, uye dzimwe nguva zvikuru kwemarudzi, kana kubva zvishoma nezvishoma deposition pasi pegungwa uye gungwa yakawanda alumina.

alunite mhangura

Izvi mhando dura rine kusvika 40% alumina. Alunite mhangura achiumbwa mumvura nembiya uye kumahombekombe nzvimbo pasi zvikuru hydrothermal uye kuputika basa. Muenzaniso deposits dzakadaro - Zaglinskoe dhamu iri Zvikanganiso Caucasus.

dombo Porous. Advantageously nayo unotora hydromicas uye kaolinites. Industrial mubereko alunite mhangura tigutsikane kupfuura 50%.

nepheline

Izvi aruminiyamu mhangura magmatic mavambo. Zviri holocrystalline alkaline matombo. Zvichienderana murwiyo uye kubudiswa kubva kwesayenzi zvinhu musiyano akasiyana anoverengeka nepheline esimbi:

• Kirasi I - 60-90% nepheline; rine zvinopfuura 25% alumina; Marara kuitwa sintering;
• Kirasi II - 40-60% nepheline, zvishoma yakaderera kuwanda alumina - 22-25%; raida vapfume panguva kugadzira;
• wechitatu mugwaro - nepheline zvicherwa, izvo hazvina dzokutengesa ukoshi.

kugadzirwa munyika aruminiyamu ores

First aruminiyamu mhangura mined mune yokutanga yezana XIX remakore kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kweFrance, pedyo nomusha Box. Saka, kufanana nezita bauxite. Pakutanga, bhizimisi yakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma. Asi kana vanhu ari chavanokoshesa, chii bauxite zvinobatsira kuti firimu, kukura kwebasa kushandiswa aruminiyamu kuwedzera chaizvo. Nyika dzakawanda ndatanga kutsvaga mundima deposits dzavo deposits. Saka, kugadzirwa nyika aruminiyamu ores vakatanga zvishoma kuwedzera. Kusimbiswa chokwadi ichi vari kuwanda. Saka, muna 1913, munyika yose vhoriyamu mined mhangura aiva matani 540, ipapo muna 2014 godu -. Matani anopfuura mamiriyoni 180.

Uyewo kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma uwandu nyika pave aruminiyamu mhangura. To musi, pane vanenge 30. Asi mumakore 100 apfuura, nyika huru uye munzvimbo dziri dzichichinja. Saka, pakutanga pamusoro XX remakore, nyika vatungamiri kugadzirwa aruminiyamu esimbi uye ayo kugadzirwa vaiva North America uye Western Europe. kumatunhu maviri aya chakaita kuti anenge 98% pose kugadzirwa. Pashure mashomanana emakore maererano kwazvo aruminiyamu indasitiri vatungamiriri vava kunyika Eastern Europe, Latin America uye Soviet Union. Uye 1950-1960-ies mutungamiri mukurima kukura kwava Latin America. Uye mumakore 1980-1990. paiva nokukurumidza budiriro iri aruminiyamu indasitiri muAustralia uye Africa. Mazuva ano munyika yose kuitika zvikuru achitungamirira nyika nokuda aruminiyamu kugadzirwa vari Australia, Brazil, China, Guinea, Jamaica, India, Russia, Zimbabwe, Venezuela uye Greece.

Mhangura deposits muRussia

Nokuti aruminiyamu mhangura kugadzirwa vhoriyamu Russia iri rakava rechinomwe munyika kuera. Kunyange zvazvo munda aruminiyamu ores muRussia kupa simbi akawanda, hazvina zvakakwana kusangana zvizere indasitiri. Naizvozvo, hurumende iri kumanikidzwa kutenga bauxite mune dzimwe nyika.

Total mu Russia iri 50 mhangura deposits. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuva nzvimbo zvicherwa mined, uye haana dzakabudirira deposits.

Most pesimbi reserves riri European chikamu nyika. Pano vari riri Sverdlovsk, Arkhangelsk, Belgorod nharaunda, muna Komi Republic. kumatunhu ose aya ane 70% munyika yacho nekusimba reserves esimbi.

Aluminum ores vari mined mu Russia ari mutana bauxite deposits achiri. munzvimbo dzakadaro anorondedzera Radynskoe munda muna Leningrad mudunhu. Uyewo, nokuda yokushomeka mbishi zvinhu Russia anoshandisa dzimwe aruminiyamu mhangura deposits vanoonekwa ne varombo unhu chicherwa deposits. Asiwo akakodzera maindasitiri zvinangwa. Somuenzaniso, muna Russia iri kubudiswa akawanda nepheline ores, izvo zvinogona kuwana aruminiyamu.