Morgan chromosomal dzidziso: tsanangudzo, dzinokosha zvokudya uye zvinhu

Nei vana patakafanana nevabereki vavo? Nei vamwe mhuri kuparadzira mamwe zvirwere zvakadai ruvara upofu, polydactyly, vadyi hypermobility, cystic fibrosis? Sei vane nhamba zvirwere chokuita chete navakadzi uye nevamwe - chete varume? Nhasi tose tinoziva kuti mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi inofanira kutsvaka mu yedzinza, kureva okutodza kuti mwana anogamuchira kubva mubereki mumwe. Uye zivo iyi, sayenzi yemazuva vanosungirwa Thomas Hunt Morgan - American genetics. Akatsanangura muitiro tama magene ruzivo uye kwakasimbiswa pamwe navo chromosomal dzidziso nhaka (anowanzonzi chromosome dzidziso Morgan), iro rava pakona genetics ano.

History yakawanikwa

Zvingava zvakaipa kutaura kuti Thomas Morgan ndiye akatanga kuva kufarira nyaya kuchinjwa magene mashoko. Vaongorori vokutanga vakaedza kunzwisisa basa okutodza mune nhaka anogona kunzi basa Chistyakov, Beneden, Rabl muna 70-80-ies zviri XIX remakore.

Pakanga pasina nemaikorosikopu saka simba kuti vakwanise kuona chromosome mamiriro. Uye rokuti "chromosome" Zvadaro, zvakare, akanga asiri. Wakatangwa reGermany musayendisiti Heinrich Valdeyr muna 1888.

bhayorojisiti German Theodor Boveri somugumisiro kuedza ake kwakaratidza kuti zvakakodzera kuti chakaipa kukura kwakaita muviri nevamwe marudzi ayo nhamba okutodza, nekusazvidzora dzavo kana nekushaya kunotungamirira kwazvo malformations. Nokufamba kwenguva, dzidziso yake yakanga sowakajeka nekusimbiswa. Tinogona kutaura kuti mashoko okutodza dzidziso T. Morgan weava pokutangira ndatenda kutsvakurudza Boveri.

Start kutsvakurudza

Kwetunhu aripo ruzivo pamusoro dzidziso yedzinza, kutsivira uye vave navo vakakwanisa Thomas Morgan. Sezvo chinangwa kuedza ake akasarudza muchero nhunzi, uye kwete netsaona. Raiva chinhu wakakwana nokuda zvidzidzo zviri kupararira magene mashoko - chete zvina chromosome, wokubereka, nguva pfupi upenyu. Morgan akatanga kutsvakurudza, vachishandisa dzakachena mitsetse nhunzi. Akazozvionera kuti utachiona masero chete yakatarwa okutodza, ndiko 2 panzvimbo 4. It Morgan kairatidza kuti munhukadzi pabonde chromosome X, mukono - sezvo Y.

Sex-yakabatana nhaka

VaMorgan chromosome dzidziso kwakaratidza kuti pane chaizvo zviratidzo pabonde-zvakabatana. Fly, izvo musayendisiti pavaiita kuedza ake, iro ichiita red-ziso, asi nemhaka kunotouraya ose Gene iri vemo vakanga chena takangwaririra vanhu, uye pakati pavo paiva vakawanda munhurume. The Gene, riri basa noruvara nhunzi ziso vemunyika pamusoro X chromosome, pamusoro Y-chromosome haasi. Kureva, kubudikidza kuyambuka vakadzi, mumwe X chromosome iro rine mutated Gene, uye ferruginous mukono ndingangokuvara pamberi unhu vari vana achapiwa chokuita pasi. Nyore nzira yokuratidza ichi pamusoro dhayagiramu:

• P: XX 'X X'Y;
• F _1: XX ', xy, X'X' X'Y.

X - munhukadzi pabonde chromosome kana naGene pasina chena mukono ziso; X 'chromosome Gene nevachena kwemaziso.

Decipher kuchinjika results:

• XX '- red takangwaririra hadzi keriya Gene apfuura ziso. Nokuda kuvapo wechipiri X-chromosome ari mutated Gene "overlaps" utano, hworatidza hapana phenotype chinhu.
• X'Y - chena takangwaririra munhurume, uyo akagamuchira kubva raamai X chromosome pamwe mutant Gene. Nokuita imwe chete X-chromosome mutant unhu chinhu chaivharidzira, uye zvinoita sokuti riri phenotype.
• X'X '- chena takangwaririra hadzi chromosome nhaka mutated Gene kubva mai nababa. The munhukadzi chete kana vaviri X-okutodza kutakura Gene nevachena kwameso, zvichaita kuoneka mune phenotype.

The chromosomal dzidziso yedzinza Thomas Morgan akatsanangura mashandiro wenhaka yokugara zvirwere zvakawanda. Nokuti X chromosome majini zvikuru kupfuura pamusoro Y chromosome, zvinonzwisiswa kuti anokonzera vakawanda zviratidzo muviri. The X chromosome kubva mai chinopfuudzwa sezvo vanakomana nevanasikana, pamwe chete majini anokonzera ehupfumi muviri, kwokunze zviratidzo chirwere. Pamwe X-chokuita pane nhaka Y-zvakabatana. Asi Y-chromosome ndiyo chete varume, nokuti kana zvikaitika chero mutation, rinogona kutapuriranwa chete varume nevazukuru.

The chromosomal dzidziso yedzinza Morgan kunzwisisa mifananidzo kupararira nemagene zvirwere Zvisinei, zvinetso chokuita kurapwa kwavo, havabvumirwi kusvikira ikozvino.

Crossover

Munguva yokudzidza, mumwe mboni Thomas Morgan Alfred Sturtevant vawana Chiitiko yokuyambuka-pamusoro. Sezvo Zvakazoitwa kuedza, mubatanidzwa mutsva majini kuitika nokuda vaiyambuka. Ndiye anotyora mumwe muitiro chokuita nhaka.

Nokudaro mashoko okutodza dzidziso T. Morgan mumwezve chinzvimbo chinokosha - pakati homologous okutodza kunoitika chaiyambuka-pamusoro, uye kakawanda waro pakutsvaga chinhambwe pakati majini.

kunyatsogona

Kuti systematize migumisiro kuedza zviri musayendisiti, zvichaita kuuya inokosha nzvimbo chromosomal dzidziso Morgan:

1. Zviratidzo kuvimba muviri majini mudzidziso ari okutodza.
2. Kwemajini imwe chromosome vari kuvana batira. Simba adhesion kukuru, duku daro pakati majini.
3. The homologous okutodza vakachengeta Fani yokuyambuka-pamusoro.
4. Kuziva kakawanda chakayambuka imwe chromosome, tinogona ngaaverenge chinhambwe pakati majini.

Nzvimbo chromosomal dzidziso Morgan uye Morgan rechipiri rinonzi mutemo.

ndangariro

Zvokutsvakurudza zvabuda vakanga vachinzwisisa sowakajeka. VaMorgan chromosome dzidziso aiva budiriro iri zvipenyu remakore rechimakumi maviri. Muna 1933, kuti kuwanikwa basa okutodza mune yedzinza Nobel Prize akanga paakavapa kuti musayendisiti.

Makore mashomanana gare gare, Thomas Morgan akagamuchira Copley menduru kuti kunoshamisa budiriro mumunda genetics.

Zvino VaMorgan chromosome dzidziso yedzinza anodzidzwa muzvikoro. Iye chose nyaya dzakawanda uye mabhuku.

Mienzaniso avimbiswa pamwe uriri nhaka

VaMorgan chromosome dzidziso yaratidza kuti nzvimbo dzomuviri vari nemajini avata pasi mairi. Chinokosha zvabuda kuti wakasimuka Thomas Morgan, akapa mhinduro kumubvunzo kutapurirana zvirwere zvakadai hemophilia, Lowe urwere, upofu, Bruttona chirwere.

It Vakawana kuti majini vose zvirwere izvi zviri iri X chromosome nevakadzi, zvirwere izvi zvichiitika ndoda kakawanda, sezvo mashoko okutodza utano anogona kudarika ari chromosome pamwe chirwere Gene. Vakadzi vasiri vairiziva, unogona kuva vatakuri nemagene zvirwere, izvo panguva iyoyo airatidzwa vana.

Varume, X-kwakabatana chirwere, kana phenotypic zviratidzo kuoneka, nekuti hakuna utano X chromosome.

The chromosomal dzidziso yedzinza T. Morgan rakaiswa mune kuongorora nhoroondo yemhuri kuti nemagene zvirwere.