Sezvo zvoutachiona catalysts vanonzi? Makemikari sezvo utachiona catalysts

Mumuviri womunhu inonzi nokukanganisika fekitari zvachose pasina. Pashure pezvose, miniti ose izvozvo zvichiitika vezviuru, mazana ezviuru oxidation, cleavage, kupora uye zvimwe zvavaifunga. Unobvumira kuti ndifambire mberi akadaro ichimhanya zvikuru, kupa sero rimwe chete simba, zvokudya uye okisijeni?

Pfungwa yacho catalysts

Vose inorganic uye makemikari kemisitiri zvinonzi nevakawanda kushandiswa chaiyo fuma inokwanisa kuwedzera nemakemikari vari zviuru, uye dzimwe nguva mamiriyoni nguva. Zita yeimwe izvi - "catalysts". In inorganic kemesitiri ndiyo simbi oxides, Platinum, sirivha, nickel uye nevamwe.

Zvavakaita chikuru - paumbwe pfupi zvivako pamwe zvakaitwa vechikamu, kubudikidza achideredza activation simba acho rinoitwa kakawanda nokukurumidza. Zvadaro, zvakaoma uchiora uye kukura zvinogona vaziva kubva tiwedzere iri chete Qualitative uye quantitative sezvamunoita sepakutanga kutanga kwacho.

Pane vaviri sarudzo CATALYTIC siyana:

• homogeneous - the akisarareta uye vechikamu chete ezvinhu aggregation;
• heterogeneous - akisarareta uye vechikamu iri zvakasiyana rinoti pane inowanikwa.

Uyezve, pane kushora zvinokonzerwa yeimwe - FIs. Vari nechinangwa kuderera anodiwa siyana. Somuenzaniso, vanogona kuderedza nguva pamusoro paumbwe ngura.

Biological catalysts akangosikwa rakasiyana inorganic, uye zvivako zvavo chaiwo. Saka, muna zvipenyu hurongwa catalysis mumwe.

Makemikari - chii?

Zvinonzi kwakaratidza kuti kana migumisiro chaiyo zvinhu kuti mhanyisa vamwe pezvakaitwa asina kuitwa mukati zvipenyu hurongwa, kazhinji apuro mudumbu vaizodzorerwa ozeyewa mazuva maviri. Nokuti yaizvozvo nguva zvingadai dzakatanga dzinotsanagura kuora uye kuorera mazviri chikafu kudhaka. Zvisinei, izvi hazviitiki, uye chibereko zvakazara kupatsanurwa kare uye maawa nehafu. Exercise vane utachiona catalysts, zviri zvikuru aripo murwiyo norumwe muviri. Asi zvavari uye chii vakadaro chiito kunobva?

Biological catalysts mapuroteni hunhu - vari makemikari. Dzavo hwaro - zvakaoma STRUCTURAL sangano, ane zvinoverengeka chaiwo zvivako. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, ichi nemamwe mapuroteni anokwanisa achideredza activation simba pamusoro pezvakaitwa mu zvipenyu nekuita navo pamwero kwazvo zvatinosiita tsika miriyoni kakati.

Pane mienzaniso yakawanda mamorekuru akadaro:

• catalase;
• amylase;
• oxidoreductases;
• shuga oxidase;
• lipase;
• invertase;
• lysozyme;
• runovharidzira mamwe uye nevamwe.

Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti makemikari - chaivo catalysts ane puroteni hunhu, izvo kuita accelerators sezvo simba, zvichiita zviuru pezvakaitwa mu zvipenyu pamwe refu nokukurumidza. Zvavakaita inobva kugaya, oxidation, zvinoderedza.

Kufanana uye inorganic catalysts mapuroteni

Makemikari sezvo utachiona catalysts vane zvimwe zvivako akafanana inorganic. Kune vaya zvinosanganisira zvinotevera:

1. Thermodynamically zvinogoneka chete mhanyisa maitiro.
2. Hazvina chokuita chaishanda of makemikari zvakanyatsoenzana mu zvakanyatsoenzana gadziriro uye zvakafanana nokukurumidza zvose mberi uye harungashandurwi.
3. Somugumisiro, mune zvakaitwa ndivo chete zvigadzirwa, nokuva gombedzero haasi pakati pavo.

Zvisinei, kunze zvakafanana, munewo zvinhu makemikari.

Kusiyana zvichienderana hunhu

Biological catalysts vane akawanda chaizvo zvechiratidzo:

1. Yakakwirira mwero selectivity. I.e. imwe mapuroteni anokwanisa Activate chete chairo maitiro kana boka zvakafanana. Kakawanda mabasa zano "enzayemu - substrate inofanira."
2. The zvikuru anokudzwa yebasa, nekuti vamwe mhando mapuroteni vanokwanisa mhanyisa maitiro mamiriyoni nguva.
3. Makemikari zviri zvikuru novimba dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. Ko kushingaira chete imwe tembiricha siyana. Zvinonzi nemarererwo zvakasimba nokuda ph. Pane munyonga kuratidza shoma kukosha, kunonyanyisa uye optimum Ratios nechimwe enzayemu.
4. Kune anokosha yeimwe inonzi effectors, kuti vanokwanisa tunodzivisa zvipenyu hunhu nokuva gombedzero kana, Ukuwo, ane tambira pamusoro pavo.
5. The substrate pamusoro iyo enzayemu inoshanda, zvinofanira kuva chaizvoizvo chaizvo. Pane dzidziso, unonzi kiyi uye zvechizarira. Anorondedzera kuti enzayemu mashandiro chiito pamusoro substrate. The anowedzera, yakaita kiyi, iri midzi muna substrate ayo vanoshingaira nzvimbo, uye maitiro ndiye anosarudza.
6. Mushure muitiro wacho enzayemu iri zvishomanana kana chose.

Saka, zviri pachena kuti zvinokosha zvikuru guru mapuroteni catalysts kuti zvipenyu. Zvisinei, chiito wavo pasi dzimwe mitemo uye vakanovharirwa zvakatipoteredza.

Kudzidza catalysis kuchikoro

Sechikamu zvezvaidzidziswa akadzidza sezvo catalysts ari kemisitiri uye zvipenyu. Chemistry chidzidzo vari kudzidza maererano zambara maindasitiri Syntheses, kugamuchira zvakawanda zvakasiyana siyana. zvoutachiona catalysts runoonekwa mune zvipenyu mukirasi. Grade 9 kunosanganisira kudzidza ezvinhu zvipenyu uye nemakemikari omuviri zvinokosha. Saka panguva ino mwero wedzidzo , vadzidzi kuwana ruzivo inokosha sei makemikari yezviri fuma iri mitumbi zvipenyu.

At zvidzidzo ichiitwa kuedza achisimbisa makemikari basa zvinhu izvi panguva chaiyo tembiricha uye ph neeSultan:

• kudzidza kushanda rehydrogen peroxide sezvo tiwedzere ichakasangana nezvimwewo uye akabika makerotsi;
• nezvainoita nyama (kupisa zvakaipa uye mbishi), mbatatisi nezvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Makemikari mumuviri womunhu

mudzidzi mumwe nomumwe, uyo akabatana uye kuumbwa zvakakwana mutsetse avhareji kubatana inotungamirwa anoziva sei inonzi chaivo catalysts. Makemikari mumuviri vari kunyatsoteerera zvakananga specialization. Saka zvinobvira zita catalyzing mumiririri nerimwe rikurumidze.

Saka, zvose makemikari muviri inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata akawanda:

• oxidoreductase, semuenzaniso, catalase kana doro dehydrogenase;
• transferase - naKenazi;
• hydrolases zvinokosha nokuti kugaya: pepsin, amylase, lipoprotein lipase, esterase uye zvakadai;
• ligase, semuenzaniso, mumwe DNA polymerase;
• isomerase;
• lyase.

Sezvo vose yeimwe aya mapuroteni zvakasikwa, uyewo kuzvivako mavhitamini zviri murwiyo, fivha rizere denaturing chivako chacho, uye somugumisiro, kugumiswa zvose nokukanganisika siyana. Panyaya iyi, muviri pedyo nokufa. Naizvozvo, mukuru tembiricha muviri kunodiwa kuuya pasi panguva chirwere.

Kushandisa puroteni catalysts mu indasitiri

Kazhinji, makemikari anoshandiswa dzakasiyana maindasitiri :

• mushonga;
• Textile;
• zvokudya.

On the echiShinto unokwanisa kuona cleansers uye detergents vane makemikari kugutsikana - ndicho makemikari kuti kuvandudza mbatya nokushamba.

Ndezvipi zvoutachiona catalysts?

Kuona kukosha kwavo kwakaoma. Pashure pezvose, vanobvumira kwete chete zvipenyu kurarama, kufema, kudya, kushandisa muviri, asi kutipawo mukana kuparadza nemaindasitiri, kurapwa kudzivirira uye kuchengetedza utano hwavo uye zvakatipoteredza.