Leaded peturu

Leaded peturu rine tetraethyl kutungamirira, inova chepfu organometallic akakura hunhu. Kare, yaishandiswa sechinhu Anti-akagogodza chirungiso nokuda rinochiwedzera, uye chinangwa kushandiswa kwayo kwaiva kuwedzera octane nhamba.

Antiknock mugumisiro mukomboni rakazarurwa «General Motors» masayendisiti American wekambani muna 1921. Muvambi Thomas Midgley, zvakanaka kuziva inokuvadza zvivako zviri kutungamirira kupinda leaded peturu, zvinganaka kutsiva shoko "kutungamirira" pamusoro shoma kunzwisiswa nevanhu vakawanda, shoko rokuti "methyl". Zvakanga refu, uye anotyisa migumisiro kuvamba ichi vakatanga kukanganisa vanhuwo kushanda kambani "General Motors". Chepfungwa uye vakarondedzera zvirwere vakatanga kutakura kure upenyu hwevanhu uye zvachose kuparadza utano hwevashandi. Kunyange zvakadaro, unorema kugadzirwa US peturu zviine kutungamirira.

Mukupera forties - mangwanani mashanu sei zvinokuvadza leaded peturu zvakakomba akataura ose pachikuva, asi nekuda simba lobbying pakati vaburitsi ayo vaisagona kutarisira kuti kurambidza kugadzirwa chepfu uyu. Chete muna 1972 kurambidza kushandiswa tetraethyl vatungamirire, asi zvakanditorera vakawanda makore zvisati akakwanisa kutsiva chose pamusika. Muna 1986, kugadzirwa huni, ine mu akafanana tetraethyl kwayaienda akanga phased panze. Yakatanga kupora the American rudzi: ropa kutungamirira nhanho vokuparidzira yakaderera nezvikamu 78% muna 1994 zvichienzaniswa 1978 gore. Raiva mukukunda pfungwa pamusoro mari chirevo.

Leaded peturu unoshandiswawo nevakawanda muSoviet Union. Mune 80s okupedzisira remakore vakatanga Kurambwa wokushandiswa tetraethyl vatungamirire, izvo yakaguma muna 2003. January 1, 2000 pamusoro munharaunda kunyika kunze EU, rakarambidzwa leaded peturu zvachose. China akasiya kushandisa tetraethyl kutungamirira 2001. Pari, vakawanda nyika hakuiti fuma. MuUK, ramba kusunungura chiduku, kushandiswa chirungiso kuti mupopotedzane nokuda Mujaho motokari, asi ayo kugadzirwa uye kushandiswa hakusi zvinobatsira nokuda mukuru chaizvo mitero kwakaitwa vagadziri. Tetraethyl kuramba kushandiswa underdeveloped nyika dzinoverengeka nokuda cheapness vayo kugadzirwa. Nyika idzi dzinosanganisira Afghanistan, Yemen, North Korea uye dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka.

Nhasi munyika yakabudirira nyika vari kuedza kushandisa unleaded peturu, rine tetraethyl kutungamirira, asingadi kukanganisa utano hwevanhu, uye hakupesani zvakatipoteredza. Kuti kuvandudza peturu, izvozvo chinotarisirwa mune siyana yokuvirisa, uye zvakare kuderedza chikamu zviri inokuvadza choutsi (sarufa, aromatics , uye zvichingodaro. P.). Unleaded peturu vanofanira zvine chaiyo tambirika wevasungwa Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti (haufaniri kupfuura 5 MG pa 100 cm3). Uyewo, peturu anofanira divisible parutivi zvine mhute kufurirwa uye fractional sezvamunoita. The yakanakisisa uye mutengo-vanobudirira kwazvo ayo mutsa motokari vaiona kuva A-98.

The peturu ine zvinoriumba, izvo anobudiswa somugumisiro zvakasiyana siyana mukugadzira kwendangariro. Izvi zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, zvakananga DISTILLATION ramafuta, ari CATALYTIC Cracking pamusoro CATALYTIC zvokuvandudza, hydrocracking Vacuum gasi mafuta, uye dzimwe nzira uye unyanzvi.

The peturu sezvamunoita hakubvi chete pamusoro nzira yayo firimu, asiwo kure chiratidzo. The kumusoro ari octane nhamba, dzakanga kunaka peturu. Peturu A-95 ane yepamusoro kuita kupfuura A-92 peturu. Aviation mafuta ane wakakwirira octane nhamba kupfuura munzira, nokuti kuti zvinodiwa navo vari yepamusorosoro.