Behaviorist kusvika: chekare uye kushanda kutonhodza

Classic behavioristic kusvika - imwe huru nhungamiro iri zvepfungwa, iyo nzira ndiye akataurwa uye experimental kudzidza wanda kuti zviwane kwemasvomhu kururamiswa nokuti zvimwe kubatana pakati variables izvi. Kukura behaviorism yaiva chinodiwa kuti paumbwe chaiwo tsvakurudzo nzira iri zvepfungwa, kuchinja kubva dzokufungidzira mhedziso kuti mathematically kwakarurama. Nyaya ino inotsanangura: kuti behaviorist nzira kudzidza unhu, nhoroondo nzvimbo ino uye ayo kukosha munzanga yanhasi. The yokupedzisira chinomirirwa muenzaniso wokushandiswa maitiro dzemitemo kukura nesayenzi enyika.

Behaviorist kusvika muna kwepfungwa

Behaviorism mu zvepfungwa yakabuda kwakavakirwa maitiro positivism uzivi iyo inokurukura chinangwa masayendisiti kudzidza kuchengetwa zvakananga. Saka, chinangwa pakudzidza wepfungwa chinofanira maitiro munhu kuti chiri chokwadi, kwete kuziva kana subconscious, izvo hazvibviri kuchengeta.

Shoko rokuti "behaviorism" rinobva Chirungu uye rinoreva maitiro "maitiro." Saka, kuti kudzidza chart iyi zvepfungwa uye ari maitiro - ayo aakaitwa, paumbwe uye kukwanisa kudzora nayo. Zvaiitwa ari chairema nokudzidza behaviorism, uye maitiro pachayo yakavakirwa pamusoro rinozivikanwa payakavakirwa "anotikurudzira - Achipindura".

Behaviorist kusvika munhu akava muviri zivo, iyo yakavakirwa experimental zveBhaibheri mhuka maitiro. Vanotsigira mirayiridzo iyi zvepfungwa akasika munhu methodological framework, chinangwa, pasi, nzira dzokudzidza, uyewo nzira nokuda anoruramisa maitiro. Vamwe zvichemo behaviorism vakava ane chinangwa kudzidza maitiro evanhu hwaro sayenzi mumwe,. Asi mupiro kunyanya guru unoitwa munzvimbo dzidziso uye tsika hwokudzidzisa uye kudzidzisa vana.

Vamiririri behaviorism mu kwepfungwa

A kare kukura uye kuvandudzika nzira yaro kwesayenzi kutsvakurudza uye kurapa ndiye behaviorist kutaura. Vamiririri ake yakatanga kudzidza zvokutanga nenheyo mhuka maitiro uye akasvika kushanda ino ruzivo maitiro muvanhu.

Muvambi dzekare behaviorism D. Watson aiva mutsigiri maonero kuti chaiye chete chii chinogona kuchengetwa. Iye akaisa kukosha kuti kudzidza 4 mabasa maitiro evanhu:

• oneka siyana;
• Maitiro Yakavanzwa (mafungiro);
• enhaka, dzinongoitika siyana (semuenzaniso, yawning);
• wakavanzika dzinongoitika siyana (dzakawanda pezvakaitwa dzinokosha basa).

Aiva nechokwadi chokuti simba zvakaitwa kunoenderana nesimba vakurukurirane, uye zvinganaka nzira yemaitiro S = R.

Muteveri Watson Thorndike yakatanga dzidziso mberi uye akagadzira mitemo inotevera inokosha maitiro evanhu:

• Exercise - hukama pakati mamiriro ezvinhu uye zvaiitwa kwavari, zvichienderana neuwandu playback;
• takazvigadzira - conduction tsinga nomunhu ari novimba kuvapo munyika akagadzirira kuti munhu;
• fura associative - kana ari muzvizhinji nomunhu mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vanoteerera mumwe, vakasara achaita yakafanana maitiro mberi;
• chaizvoizvo - kana chiito inobereka ive mufaro, maitiro ichi chichava kakawanda.

Experimental nokusimbisa nheyo dzidziso iyi yokungotaura ndorwevaya musayendisiti wokuRussia Ivan Pavlov. Ndiye empirically akaratidza kuti mhuka zvingaite vakaumbwa hunenge, akapa kuti kushandisa zvimwe kuitika. Vanhu vakawanda vanoziva kuedza kwake paumbwe imbwa vakaumbwa Kupindura chiedza muchimiro salivation pasina chisimbiso muchimiro chikafu.

Mumakore 60 kukura behaviorism kuwedzerwa. Kana yapfuura zvakaonekwa sechinhu seti nomunhu siyana kuti mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, kuti kubvira ipapo anotanga pakatanga zano iri kune mamwe variables. Somuenzaniso, E. Tolman, munyori zvishande behaviorism, akadana zvokungoitawo mashandiro zvishande unongotaura. In kuedza kwavo mbeva, akaratidza kuti mhuka kutsvaka nzira kubva inovhiringidza munzira kuenda chikafu nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, vachitevera wamboonekwa nzira. Saka chinoratidzwa kuti chinangwa mhuka ndiyo nzira kukosha kuita izvozvo.

Misimboti behaviorism mu kwepfungwa

Kuti muchidimbu mhedziso asvika kubudikidza vamiririri dzekare behaviorism, pane zvakati wandei zvinotaurwa nzira iyi:

• maitiro - ndiye munhu apindure kwezvakatipoteredza mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, naro nayo zvinoenderana (maitiro angava zvose kwokunze uye zvemukati);
• unhu - ndiye ruzivo chokuzviona munhu ari mararamiro, uye kuva nemaitiro;
• maitiro evanhu anoumba magariro kwezvakatipoteredza, pane pezviri kwendangariro.

misimboti iyi - nayo tezisno zvokudya pamusoro dzekare nzira, iyo gare gare vakashanduka uye akadenha vateveri uye nevatsoropodzi.

mhando kutonhodza

Human Development kunoitika nokudzidza - nokudzidza kwacho kudyidzana pamwe kunze nyika. Ichi zvemaziso unyanzvi, uye magariro kukura, uye mupfungwa. Kubva musi ruzivo ichi, uye kuumbwa maitiro. Behaviorist kusvika kufunga mhando dzakawanda kudzidza, ramakagadzwa kupfuura akakurumbira ndivo operant uye dzekare kutonhodza.

Operant anopa zvishoma nezvishoma kuitwa ruzivo kwevanhu, umo chero maitiro ake achaita imwe maitiro. Saka, mwana anodzidza kuti kana ukarasa matoyi, zvingaita netsa vabereki.

Classical Conditioning anotaura kuti munhu kuti mumwe chiitiko iri rinotevera. Somuenzaniso, mwana anoziva kuti chiito ichi ichateverwa nokupfavirira mukaka apo amai zamu. Ndicho paumbwe sangano, ane nhengo dzine chimwe chinokurudzira, zvichiteverwa mumwe.

Nhamba anotikurudzira uye norudaviro

Tichingotarisa, yaida Watson uye Pavlov kushanda kunzwisisa pfungwa iri kuti vakurukurirane mhinduro pazviri (S - R) rave rinotungamirirwa kubva kurasa Psychology "dzisiri zvesayenzi" inofananidza nezvokuvapo "womudzimu asingaoneki" pamunhu. Studies ichiitwa mhuka akapa pfungwa upenyu hwevanhu.

Asi kukura pfungwa iyi achinja anorimwa "anotikurudzira - Achipindura". Saka, Thorndike akacherechedza kuti tariro chisimbiso kunosimbisa kubatana pakati anotikurudzira uye mhinduro. Kubva musi uyu, munhu anoita chiito kana kumirira zvakanaka mugumisiro kana haambotauri zvakaipa (akanaka uye kunaka chisimbiso).

E. Tolman zvakare vaiona ichi Zano itsanangudzo uye akauya dzavo: S - I - R, apo pakati anotikurudzira uye norudaviro vari munhu vasiri zvechadenga wacho, kworuzivo rwake, nhodzera.

Kudzidza nemaonero behaviorism

Behaviorism akava hwaro kukura zvounhu yokusvika zvepfungwa. Kunyange Kazhinji nzvimbo idzi uye kuziva, asi pakati pavo pane musiyano chinokosha. Behavioristic kusvika anofunga kuzivikanwa sezvo mugumisiro kudzidza ari kutaridza externally nechipiriso siyana maererano iyo maitiro ari kunotangira. Saka, muna behaviorism kunge zvichireva zviito chete avo vanoratidza externally. Zvounhu kusvika munzvimbo dzakawanda. Chinosanganisira nhungamiro dzekare behaviorism, zvishande uye pachake kusvika, kureva. E. The yokudzidza chidzidzo uye dzakawanda zviito muviri (pfungwa, manzwiro, mabasa) kuti vakasikwa nomunhu pachake uye kuti hazvisi basa.

Behaviourist kusvika yave yakawanda okunatsiridza, ramakagadzwa vanhuwo zvikuru - evanhu kudzidza dzidziso Bandura uye David Rotter. Masayendisiti akawedzera kunzwisisa maitiro evanhu. Vaidavira kuti munhu zviito takatsunga kwete chete nezvinenge zvaitika, asiwo zvemukati kubatwa.

Bandura akacherechedza kuti nokugadzirira Vera netarisiro - sezvo dzakawanda determinants - kushamwaridzana mubayiro uye kurangwa, zvimwewo zvinoitika zvakafanana. Akanga nechokwadi chokuti munhu anokwanisa pasina kuchinja maitiro avo pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu ukama kunyika vakamupoteredza. Asi chinonyanya kukosha - munhu anogona kusika itsva kuita maererano nyore Kuongorora unhu vamwe vanhu, kunyange vasina zvavo zvakananga simba. Maererano mutsvakurudzi, munhu ane basa rakasiyana nemamwe mano kuzvidzora waidzora maitiro avo.

J .. Rotter, kukura uku dzidziso, aronga kufungidzira gadziriro maitiro evanhu. Maererano musayendisiti, munhu achaita maererano 4 ezvinhu: unhu zvinogona (ukuru ndingangokuvara maitiro chero vakurukurirane), netarisiro (inofungidzira pasi vavabatsire mukana semhinduro maitiro ake), chisimbiso ukoshi (tinyatsonzwisisa pachake kukosha kwomusikirwo chiito) uye zvepfungwa mamiriro ezvinhu (the kwokunze ezvinhu umo chiito anogona kuitika). Saka, zvinogona maitiro kunoenderana wemishonga izvi zvitatu zvinokonzera.

Nokudaro, chinzvimbo kudzidza - ndiko kuitwa unyanzvi uye mapatani maitiro mumagakava nyika, zvakatemwa nevanhu zvimwewo zvinoitika uye dzimwe predispositions pamusoro wacho.

Behavioristic kusvika Political

Panzvimbo dzose nomutemo nzira musayenzi political uyo adzidza zvemitemo, zvematongerwo enyika, mune 50s vakauya behavioristic. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kudzidza hunhu enyika maitiro vanhu sevagari uye mapoka enyika. Nzira iyi akatibvumira qualitatively uye quantitatively kuongorora zvematongerwo kwendangariro.

Behaviorist kusvika muna sayenzi enyika kushandiswa adzidze nomunhu maitiro sezvo chikamu zvematongerwo enyika uye kurudzira nayo vakurukurirane - vavariro uye zvido. Pamusana kwaari, mune zvesayenzi enyika vava inorira mazwi akadai "munhu", "yakatarwa", "kutenda", "voruzhinji", "unhu nevanovhota."

Huru zvichemo

1. Kusimbisa inofanira kuchinja pfungwa zvematongerwo masangano kwemaitiro evanhu mukati upenyu mamiriro.
2. Huru credo: enyika sayenzi anofanirawo kudzidzwa kuchengetwa zvakananga zvakaoma empirical nzira.
3. The nomusoro mune zvematongerwo enyika chakavakirwa mupfungwa nemunhu.
4. Kudzidza upenyu enyika vanofanira kutsvaka yokuburitsa chikonzero-uye-Chaizvoizvo ukama kuripo munzanga.

Vamiririri behaviorism musayenzi enyika

The havaoni of zvounhu yokusvika enyika vari Charles Merriam, Va Gosnell, D. Lasswell. Vakasvika pakugumisa kuti nzira enyika nesayenzi zvinodiwa "musoro" kuzvidzora uye munzanga kuronga. Kushandisa pfungwa Thurstone ukama maitiro evanhu uye ayo anoiswa, vatsvakurudzi akachinja kuti sayenzi enyika uye kutamira kubva Kuongororwa wehurumende masangano sezvo huru chinhu kudzidza kuti kuongorora simba, maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika, voruzhinji uye sarudzo.

The kuenderera pfungwa iyi inowanikwa mabasa P. Lazersfelda, B. Barelsona, A. Campbell, D. Stokes nevamwe. Vakaongorora kuti nesarudzo kwacho America, akapfupikisa maitiro evanhu mune hweruzhinji muvanhu uye vakasvika mhedziso akawanda:

• vakapinda vakawanda vomunyika iri musarudzo anosiiwa pane utongi;
• mubereko enyika pakuti padanho dzidzo uye mari munhu;
• paavhareji mugari, sezvinoita mutemo, taita kuudzwa nyaya nzanga enyika;
• zvabuda musarudzo zvikurukuru kuvimba boka kuvimbika;
• sainzi Political inofanira kukudziridzwa vabatsirwe matambudziko chaiwo murume munguva dzenhamo.

Saka, kukura behaviorist nzira musayenzi enyika akaita revolutionized uye akava chinodiwa kuti paumbwe vakashandisa sayenzi upenyu enyika munzanga.