Bhopal njodzi: zvinokonzera, nezvibayiro, migumisiro yacho

Remakore rechimakumi maviri aiva pakachinja kuti vanhu, sezvo kumhanya muzvigadzirwa pakukura kwakawedzera wandei dhazeni nguva. Asi pamwe zviitiko rakashandura nhoroondo nani, pane akawanda nyaya, uye vakave chikanganiso chikuru. The Kudeuka njodzi murume-akaita zvakachinja chiso nyika uye kukonzera migumisiro yakaipa. The guru kwavari kuonekwa tsaona pane makemikari chirimwa muna Bhopal. guta rino Indian muna Madhya achawa, uye haana kumira kusvika December 3, 1984. Musi uyu zvachinja vanhu Bhopal zvose.

History of chirimwa kuvakwa

In 1970, hurumende Indian asarudza kusimudza hupfumi yaro vatorwa guta. Saka, purogiramu inokosha wakatangwa, zvainanga kukwezva dzimwe vanoita kuti vanopedzisira omunzvimbo indasitiri. kuvaka chirimwa anzverwa, izvo rwaizobereka mishonga yezvipembenene kuti kurima. Pakutanga chikamu makemikari vakaronga kupinza dzimwe nyika. Asi akava maturo, sezvo makwikwi chidimbu ichi kumusika yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru. Naizvozvo, kugadzirwa akatamira kune imwe yakasiyana pamwero, zvikuru kunzwisisa uye ngozi. Munguva 80s muguta Bhopal (India) nemakapoteredza dzine goho kupfuura varombo, izvo zvakaita kuti vasanyanye kudiwa zvibereko chirimwa. Saka, zvakasarudzwa kuti kutengesa kambani, asi mutengi asina kuwanikwa.

Dyarai pamberi tsaona

Izvi anosiririsa fekitari yakakurumbira akanga anazvo ne Union Carbide India Limited - American boka, riri specialized pakuburitswa kwemakemikari fetiraiza (mishonga yezvipembenene). Bhopal chirimwa waiva dzigare mairi kuti zvikuru chepfu fuma - methyl isocyanate, kana MIKA. Hazvina zvinouraya muchetura fuma, riri rehurumende gasi neVadzidzi mucous Kamudzira pakarepo nayo anopisa, umo mapapu kuzvimba. Kana iri imwe mvura mamiriro, mune unhu hwavo rakafanana sulfuric acid.

uyewo ane chaizvo chaizvo chaiko ehupfumi. achibika tembiricha - 40 Celsius, riri chaizvo achiita kuti India masikati tembiricha. Kana akawedzera musanganiswa kunyange shoma mvura, rwunotanga kuti neshungu achishingaira, izvo zvinokonzera cheni maitiro, somugumisiro iyo fuma uchiora uye asunungurwa rehydrogen cyanide, senitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide. coctail ichi anokwanisa kuparadza munhu ari njodzi yacho. Panguva fekitari akasika vanoverengeka hurongwa kuti vaifanira kudzivirira yakafanana maitiro, asi havana kushanda nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka, inorondedzerwa pazasi.

Prerequisites nokuti tsaona

Vasati paiva Bhopal njodzi, pane zvinoverengeka anozoita kuti vabatwe kune parinowanika. Chokutanga izvi kuchiva muridzi chirimwa kuponesa mari pamusoro mubayiro. Saka vakavaka bhizimisi ravo kuIndia, uko mubayiro vari kagumi kudzika kupfuura dzakabudirira. Vashandi dzakadaro unyanzvi pamwero haana yakakwirira zvakakwana, asi zvikumbiro zvavo zvakare. Izvi zvinobatsira chaizvo nemashoko zvemari.

Chechipiri chakaita - kutyorwa dzomunyika mitemo, dzemunharaunda kuchengetera zvine chepfu. In mafekitari kubvumirwa kuramba hapana anopfuura 1 tani pamusoro MIKA, uye akanga atova Bhopal nguva 42 zvakawanda, ndiko matani 42.

The chinhu chechitatu - the kuregeredza vomunharaunda kuhurukuro nyevero dzakanga yakabudiswa mupepanhau. Chirimwa wacho utariri akanyevera kuti unofanira kuva kungwarira uye kana ukanzwa sairini inzwi, bvisa pakarepo.

Rakatevera ndechokuti muguta Bhopal panguva yakanga hurumende kuti nguva akatendeuka sevasingaoni kuti kukundikana kuteerera yakachengeteka mitemo, uye somugumisiro, mave akawanda tsaona panguva chirimwa.

Chimwe chinokosha ndiko kuderera kwezvirongwa zvokushandisa, kuti yaitsiva mutengo mari yakawanda. Ndokusaka zvose hurongwa kuti vaifanira kudzivirira tsaona, vaiva kana kuti kugadziridza, kana chete akatendeuka kure.

Zvinokonzera njodzi

The pamutemo kukonzera tsaona yakanga kumbobvira vafunga. Zvinozivikanwa chete kuti kusunungurwa zvinouraya gasi mumhepo kwakakonzerwa nokusvika mumvura tangi pamwe methyl isocyanate. Izvi zvakaguma achibika mvura, uye kwemvura pasi refu kumanikidzwa kuchengeteka vharafu kwakakanganiswa. Sei mvura apinda zvinhu nayo kutaura zviri ngozi chaizvo, asingazivikanwi kusvikira ikozvino. Pachiitiko ichi, pane shanduro mbiri.

Kana uchitenda wokutanga, chiri tsaona yakaipisisa. Rakaitwa pamusoro avaida kugeza nzvimbo dzakapoteredza, uye sezvo nenyere mavharuvhu vakanga vainyeperwa, mvura apinda mugaba pamwe MIKA.

Wechipiri anoti kuti Bhopal njodzi yakanga VaDabengwa. Mumwe vashandi kutendeseka vane zvikonzero aigona batanidza mvura hosipaipi kuti tangi, uye yakatanga kuita. Asi ndeupi shanduro idzi ichokwadi, hapana anoziva. Zviri pachena chete kuti kugara chido kuponesa mari yakanga chinokonzera uyu njodzi nomunhu.

Chronology zviitiko

Bhopal njodzi zvakaitika pausiku 2 3 December 1984. Vachikwanisa of E610, yaiva matani 42 methyl isocyanate, nokuti asingazivikanwi zvikonzero, akamuka pamusoro tani mvura. Izvi zvakaguma mvura neshungu 200 Celsius. Vashandi vakaona zviratidzo zvokutanga munyatwa MIKA tangi pa maminitsi 15 pakati pousiku, pakarepo ose nhamba nekaviri. Kunze kusingadzivisiki sensors ushered simba rasp, iro rakabudiswa pasi wakatsemuka mugaba nheyo. Operators vakamhanya zvinosanganisira aramu enyika, asi vakatsaukira kuva nyore vasipo. Saka vakasarudza mumaoko kuchitonhora mota uye akatanga mwaya mvura pamusoro payo kubva kunze, asi mhinduro kwave kusingachamisiki. 00,30 The vakachengeteka vharuvhu hadzisi akapikisa kukuru kumanikidzwa uye dzinokaroparuka. Muvhiki awa, matani 30 chepfu gasi akazviratidza mumhepo. Sezvo MIKA kunorema kupfuura mhepo, ndicho kutanga zvinouraya gore kufamba pamwe pasi kukambaira zvishoma nezvishoma pamusoro akapoteredza ndima chirimwa.

dzikirira

Zviitiko zvose izvi zvakaitika usiku, saka yose vakawanda akanga akarara murugare. Zvisinei, vanhu pakarepo akanzwa migumisiro chepfu. Ivo stifled chikosoro, meso avo gehena, kufema zvakanga hazvitomboiti. Izvi zvakaita kuti vakawanda hunofa rokutanga maawa akawanda. The achifumira kutya sezvo hapana chakabatsira. All vakatya uye havana kunzwisisa chii chaiitika. Doctors akaedza kubatsira vanhu, asi havana kuziva sei. Pashure pezvose, muti wacho utariri ndisingadi pachena Kuronga gasi nokuda rokutengesa zvakavanzika.

By mangwanani gore akaparadza, asi akasiya akawandisa zvitunha. Yakanga chete pakutanga. Mumakore mashoma akatevera, zviuru zvevanhu vakafa, asi ichi, zvisikwa zviri kwazvo zvakasimba sei: miti akadonha mashizha, mhuka kufa chirwirangwe.

zvakazokonzerwa tsaona

Kungoona chokwadi njodzi iyi kunozivikanwa sendarama zvinouraya munhau, anotaura pamusoro wayo papi. Mukutanga maawa chepfu gasi akauraya vanhu 3787 muvhiki mbiri pashure kuti anotambudzika zviitiko akauraya vanhu 8.000 mumakore akatevera, kunyange 8000.

Research muna 2006 kwakaratidza anotyisa nhamba: 558 125 zviitiko kushanyira vanachiremba nokuda chisingaperi pashure zvinoyerera panguva yakanga yakanyorwa, iyo kwakonzerwa nomuchetura MIKA. Uyewo, Bhopal njodzi yazova chaiye zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza njodzi. Zvinokachidza chepfu kwezvakatipoteredza yose mumakore mberi. The kambani pakuva chirimwa akabhadhara mari yakawanda kuti vanobatwa, asi hahuzongoparari kugadzirisa chinhu.

Dyarai mushure tsaona,

Kunyange pashure pokunge zvaitika, kambani yakavharwa pakarepo. It vakaramba kushanda kusvikira Kuparadzwa mumatanda ose MIKA. Muna 1986, kwakanga achiri fekitari kuvharwa uye zvokushandisa kutengeswa. Asi hapana akatoedza kurambidza zvachose nengozi. It chete akava remarara makemikari matongo kuti muchetura upenyu rose guta. Kusvikira nhasi, ari chirimwa vari matani anopfuura 400 zvine chepfu, izvo kupinda muvhu regai akakodzera mvura uye munharaunda akura zvokudya kunwa. Muna 2012, Indian zviremera vakasarudza dzokurasa marara, asi zvakadaro kure nayo chete anoronga.

Saka, zvikuru zvinotyisa njodzi murume-akakonzera Bhopal njodzi (India) kwave munhoroondo yevanhu. 1984 nokuti nyika ino yava chiratidzo rufu. Kunyange papera makore zvakazokonzerwa tsaona kuhupenyu yose vomunzvimbo.