Biography pamusoro Archimedes. Mutsindo Zvakawanikwa Archimedes

Yekare musayendisiti Greek Archimedes aiva muvambi, yemasvomhu, mugadziri, injiniya, yefizikisi, muongorori wenyeredzi uye makanika. Akavaka nhungamiro yakadaro somunhu kwemasvomhu yefizikisi. Uyewo, vatsvakurudzi dzakabudirira nzira yokuwana mavhoriyamu, hukawanika uye nzvimbo miviri siyana nenhamba, achitarisira kuti chinokosha calculus. Ndiye muvambi mano mazhinji. With zita musayendisiti chokuita pakuonekwa mitemo mhikuriso, okusuma rokuti "musimboti regiravhiti" uye tsvakurudzo mumunda hydrostatic. Kana VaRoma vakarwisa Syracuse, kudzivirira ouinjiniya kambani mubasa guta riri Archimedes.

Munguva refu rwokugadzira uye zvinowanikwa nesayenzi, isu vakajaira kunzwisisa kubudirira sezvo chinhu munhuwo, vasingambozivi kuti hwaro yaivapo ruzivo akaisa nenyanzvi dzekare. Vaiva mapiyona. Uye Archimedes kuSirakusi aiva shasha zvachose. Mushure akasimbisa ruzhinji pfungwa dzavo muupenyu. vomunguva yedu anoshandiswa zvinobudirira basa, kunyange vasingatombozivi waiva munyori wavo. Biography pamusoro Archimedes kuti dzakararama chete kubva ngano uye nendangariro. Tinopa kuti vanyatsoziva nayo.

Uduku uye dzidzo

Archimedes, pfupi Biography iyo zvichakurukurwa pazasi, akaberekwa muna Syracuse kumativi 287 BC. e. Ake muduku rakaenderana nguva apo Mambo Pyrrhus akarwa chete Carthaginians uye vaRoma kuedza kuumba idzva mhando Greek mamiriro. Kunyanya kusiyaniswa muhondo iyi Hiero - hama Archimedes, uyo akava mutongi Syracuse. Phidias (baba vomukomana) aiva anofungidzirwa Hieron. Izvi zvakaita kuti akwanise kupa dzidzo yakanaka Archimedes. Asi jaya harina zvakakwana yokungotaura ruzivo, uye akaenda kuna Alexandria, iyo panguva iyoyo muzinda nesayenzi. Pano, kuti Ptolemies - vatongi yeEgipita - kunge akaunganidzawo yakanakisisa nyanzvi yechiGiriki nevafungi nguva. Uye Alexandria raiva kupfuura raibhurari munyika, umo Archimedes ave refu vakadzidza masvomhu uye mabasa Eudoxus, Democritus, etc. Mumakore iwayo, remangwana mutsvakurudzi aishamwaridzana zvomuchadenga Conon, geographer uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu Eratosthenes. Akabva wakavafambisa chikamu tsamba.

basa yokutanga

Pashure pokudzidza Archimedes, mumwe Biography pfupi rinozikamwa masayendisiti ose, akadzokera Syracuse uye nhaka nzvimbo Phidias - dare muongorori wenyeredzi. Nokuda Hiero akasvika yorunyararo. Kubuda mubasa First Punic War, akarasikirwa chihombe indemnity kuRoma. Mu "General History" Polybius akarondedzera seizvi: "Hiero akauya nesimba, kana mukurumbira kana upfumi, kana zvipo wematambudziko. Haana kukuvara, haana kunze, usauraya, asi mitemo sezvinongoitawo '54 ... "Kunyange zvakadaro, Hieron, kufanana vatsivi vake, kubatwa ngwariro huru nokusimbaradza muguta pakugadzirira zvichibvira mukurwisana zvechiuto.

mabasa nesayenzi

Chinzvimbo nyanzvi yakanga kukuremedzai, uye Archimedes akanga akasununguka kuita mamwe mabasa. In yokungotaura mazwi yezvidzidzo ake akanga chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda. Mabasa Archimedes okutanga vakazvipira hurongwa. Aivimba pariri, uye mune dzimwe kwemasvomhu mapepa. Somuenzaniso, muongorori akashandisa mhikuriso musimboti kugadzirisa zvimwe zvinetso geometric. Akaita kwemasvomhu mhedziso mubumbiro basa "Pamusoro zvakanyatsoenzana kuti ndege nemifananidzo." basa iri musayendisiti wekona 'parábola squaring "(chinokosha calculus), izvo zvichaita kuzarura mumakore 2000. Uye mubhuku "On kuyera denderedzwa" mutsvakurudzi vakaverenga nhamba iri dhayamita ane denderedzwa kuti kureba kwayo, kana nemamwe mazwi, nhamba Pi (3.14). Uyezve, zvose vachiri kushandisa kwake kutanga hurongwa mazita integers.

kubudirira kwesayenzi

Biography Archimedes anorondedzera vaviri pamabasa ake anokosha dzesayenzi: dzidziso muzinda regiravhiti uye idzidziso ari musimboti wenyika mhikuriso. Iyewo nheyo hydrostatics. Chete mukupera rechi16 uye mangwanani muzana remakore rechi17, pfungwa idzi yakagadzirwa Pascal, Galileo, Stevin nemamwe masayendisiti aishandisa Archimedes 'musimboti, akatsanangura basa rake "On zvinoyangarara miviri". basa iri raiva kuedza kutanga kuedza kuzviita chinokosha zvekungofungira nemamiriro nyaya paakasika muenzaniso. Archimedes akaratidza kwete chete wandei makuru zvokudya zvinoitwa maatomu ari mvura mumuviri, asi akasimbisawo anoverengeka pfungwa atomistic pakati Democritus. In basa iri, masayendisiti shasha mutsvakurudzi akaratidza Kunyanya simba. zvabuda ake aigona kuratidza chete muzana remakore rechi19.

zvimwe zvidzidzo

Sezvo Biography pamusoro Archimedes, kunze Vanamakanika, wefizikisi uye masvomhu, akanga mumabasa Meteorological uye geometric optics. Uyewo, musayendisiti akabata nhevedzano kuedza pamusoro refraction wechiedza. Pane uchapupu hwakawanda hwokuti Archimedes akanyora rondedzero kukuru - "Catoptrics", asi urombo, haisati riparare. Pahwaro kwayo ndima asara anogona vaifungidzira kuti dzendege aiziva incendiary zvinokonzerwa concave izvo kubudikidza refraction kuti kuedza kuitwa chiedza mumhepo uye mvura runyararo, uye akanga ane pfungwa pamusoro ehupfumi mifananidzo iri concave, convex uye sandara magirazi. Kunze dzakajeka vakapunyuka theorem no mumwe chete achiratidza kuti kuratidzwa chiedza danda kubva girazi pakona rimwe kuitika vakaenzana pakona kuti kufungisisa.

kudzivirira Syracuse

Okutanga Archimedes mu ouinjiniya vakauya kwaari kupfuura mukurumbira, izvo vakayambuka muganhu kwete chete nyika, asi emakore. Kunyatsoyeuka ake ouinjiniya shasha kwakaratidzwa muna 214 BC. e. panguva yokukombwa yake yaakaberekerwa Syracuse. Archimedes mumaoko ake gumi rechinomwe. Rakanga mumwe mukuru yokubudirira muupenyu musayendisiti. Pano akazvisiyanisa kwete chete somunhu muvambi, asiwo somunhu hunoshamisa muvaki. Munhu wose anoziva kuti hurongwa yekare ine masvingo chikukutu. Archimedes vakatasva mu pokunzvenga napo dzavo uye pokunzvenga napo rakagadzirirwa nepakati uye kuderedza pfupi. Akasika munguva yorugare, kurwisana motokari akabvumira kudzivirira Syracuse kubva vaRoma kurwisa kwemakore matatu.

mumakore achangodarika

Sezvaunogona kuona, upenyu esayenzi Archimedes waipenya uye zvine. Mumakore achangopfuura, akanga achiparidza mumwe computationally-ezvemuchadenga mabasa. Tit Livy (Roman munyori) akamuti "ose nokucherechedza nyeredzi uye denga." Uye kunyange isu hatina tasvika mumwe muchadenga zvinyorwa Archimedes, hatigoni nechokwadi nderechokwadi noruzhinji ichi. About makirasi yezviitwa zverudzi urwu kunosimbiswa nyaya yokudenga bhora zvakasikwa naye, uye rondedzero "The Sand Reckoner", apo masayendisiti ari kuedza nhamba sejecha riri muchadenga.

In basa rake nevatsvakurudzi ndiyo nguva inogona kunzi kune "Kuwanikwa kwezvinhu Archimedes 'muchikwata. musayendisiti wokutanga munhoroondo nesayenzi akaenzanisa hurongwa mbiri nyika - nyika heliocentric uye geocentric. Archimedes akanyora: "nyanzvi Most vanodavira kuti nyika - bhora akasaina pakati penyika pakati kwezuva." Saka, iye aiziva kukura nyika uye aiziva kuti ndiye zvose. Izvi akabvumira vaongorori kuunza Masvomhu azvo kumagumo.

mhedziso

Izvi panoperera ari Biography pamusoro Archimedes. Akazviratidza pamberi pedu ive injiniya, muongorori, theorist uye popularizer sayenzi. Tikafunga mafungiro anoshanda pamwe kwemasvomhu tarenda uye unyanzvi hwokuronga panguva iyoyo aiva husiri nyore kuwana. Munhoroondo nesayenzi Archimedes akauya ari kupenya muenzaniso mutsvakurudzi uyo aikwanisa Nyatsobatanidzwai vanobatanidza pfungwa uchidzidzira. Chokwadi, aiva musayendisiti wakanaka, uyo pamwe zvakakodzera kutora muenzaniso panedzimwe Vatsvakurudzi. The aronga Archimedes kwemasvomhu wefizikisi haana kunzwisisa zvakakomba kana vazukuru vake, kana masayendisiti kuMiddle Ages. Kana kufunga vaongorori, mberi kwenguva, kuti Archimedes aiva pakati pavo zvinyorwa. Chete 16-17 remakore mathematicians European vakakwanisa kuziva kukosha uye zvinoreva mipiro ake yesayenzi. Kubvira ipapo, nyanzvi yechiGiriki vaiva vateveri zhinji uye iyi, ichipfuta pamwe nechido kuratidza kwavo dzidziso nekongiri pfuma. Zvino, ari kuyeuka shasha masayendisiti akaita zvakawanikwa, akadzokorora mhere kuti Archimedes: "Eureka! Ndawana. "