Cartography - ndiko ... History of cartography. kukura cartography. Cartography uye Geoinformatics

Chido kuona nzvimbo yavo panyika, pane gungwa kana nyeredzi yakanga mumwe tanga musoro dzevanhu zvinodiwa. Chinyakare vanodhirowa of chinyakare dzinogarisana chamuita kuti zvakaoma uye multi-akakoshesa mirayiridzo yebasa kwevanhu. Studies munyika itsva uye tsananguro wavo zvakasimbisa ungwaru kukura yose yebudiriro. Cartography - hazvina hausingori nzira nokuda kuona kuratidzwa panyika kana denga rizere nenyeredzi - ndiko kunobatsira kudzidza, iro kurimwa munhoroondo yevanhu.

Nezvekwakabva shoko rokuti

Shoko rechiGiriki χάρτης - hartis (Charter, nhokwe, paper) uye γράφειν - girafu (kunyora, scratching), akava hwaro shoko rinoratidza yakakura nharaunda chaiyo nyanzvi mabasa panguva mhesano yeminda siyana sayenzi chokuita rondedzero spatial kwezvakatipoteredza womunhu dzinogarisana. Cartography - ino chaiyo nzvimbo ziso hwemashiripiti.

Mienzaniso yakanakisisa zvokukopa makadhi kubva nhaka makore akapfuura - the ounyanzvi mukuru kunyorwa chechetere Graphics. Nhasi, pamwe pakusikwa zvigadzirwa mepu, machati, chati uye haagoni kuita pasina vemifananidzo. Muzana XXI remakore cartography - inyanzvi yokutarisira kombiyuta ndeiya yakaita uye 3D-Graphics, dzemhando yepamusoro kuona kugadzira.

kutanga

The tanga hwakawanda huripo mifananidzo akafanana kadhi, rinoshanda kwete chete kune chinyakare vanodhirowa zviri panyika, asi kuti kudenga. Petroglyphs (rakacherwa pabwe) - mufananidzo chakajeka enyeredzi zvinowanikwa France uye Spain, nedombo painting, nowenyika mumusha urongwa raitwa kwemakore 6000 BC pamapani kweTurkey. History of Cartography anoti akazviratidza pamberi kunyora uye nyaya wevasungwa changamire zvesayinzi pakusikwa wokutanga mepu mufananidzo.

Maonero vazivi vekare kuti murayiro nyika zvinoratidzwa mepu rokutanga achaswedera muna VI remakore BC. e. musayendisiti Anaximander. Earth akazviratidza kuva sandara denderedzwa, takapoteredzwa mvura.

Knowledge wenyika rakawedzerwa, rakawedzera nzvimbo yepasi, pamepu. cartography budiriro Zvakaoma kufungidzira kusina "Geography" chaPtolemy (II remakore BC. e.). On mepu ake vava chokuguma rusununguko uye Longitude zvinoratidzwa zvikamu zvitatu nyika: Europe, Asia, uye Libya (Africa). Very pokuratidzwa yakarurama vaiva munzvimbo dzakawanda kudzidza pamusoro Europe neNorth Africa, zvikuru zvimiso - Asia. A nzvimbo huru pamusoro mepu Ptolemy vakatora Unknown nyika.

Maps of Ancient China uye East

Kutaurwa wokutanga Chinese mepu, rine mukuwedzera nenzvimbo data, pamusoro dzakasiyana nzvimbo upfumi, pamusoro nhumbi ruzivo ndezvaJehovha III remakore BC. e. Kunyatsogona cartography sechinhu chiwanikwa zivo yesayenzi siyana - mumuviri, nenzvimbo, zvenhoroondo, zveupfumi uye enyika - dzakaiswa ipapo. Maps uye topographical zvirongwa zviri Han yokutanga emakore nguva yedu vaitova kwegadziriro zviratidzo, mumwe rectangular dzinotarisira maitiro uye chaiyo miganhu yenyika zvevaPolish nefuma vatongi siyana.

Kubudirira cartographers India vekare mumatauriro mufananidzo Epic nhetembo "Mahabharata" uye "Ramayana". Munzvimbo umo vaite nhetembo idzi, pane zvakawanda rengano zvinhu - maguta kunozivikanwa uye zvisikwa zvekufungidzira.

On Ages mepu Eastern geographers Al-Khwarizmi, Piri Reis nevamwe zvikuru tarenda uye shamisa zvinhu, asi ivo varipo uye munzvimbo yausingazivi kuti masayendisiti European. Pakati pavo - kumaodzanyemba yezasi America uye kunyange vasingazivikanwi kondinendi wokumaodzanyemba - Antarctica.

Time nenzvimbo zvakawanwa

Nhoroondo cartography chine anokosha echimurenga matanho akawanda. Zviitiko zvakadaro pakataurwa Renaissance. Yaiva kuonekwa panyika German geographer Martin Behaim, uyo akanzi "Pasi apuro", uye goho riri muunganidzwa mepu okutanga, vanyori vaiva Gerhart Mercator uye Abraham Ortelius. atlases izvi Nyika yose unhu, kusarudza zvakarurama nzira magadzirirwo uye anogadzira zvinhu nemakadhi. Available mepu mberi Kudhinda.

Zviitiko izvi zvaiva mugumisiro uye kukonzera nenzvimbo matongo, asina kusiyiwa panyika yose makwapa matema. The chidzoke mepu yakarurama akashanda budiriro yavo jogirafi, cartography kwakaita kuti vakawanda yomugungwa swimming uye transcontinental nepanyika kuyambuka. Magellan uye rwendo pakati Columbus, vachifamba Vasco Da Gama kunounzwa michina kuburikidza wekushandisa uye zuva nenyeredzi kwakapararira uye vashoma yakarurama yakazara mifananidzo kudzidza nzvimbo pasi pevhu.

Cartography muRussia

Kukosha mashoko pamusoro apo sezvo machinda feuds miganhu, hurumende, pamusoro nzvimbo mikuru dzinongoitika nzvimbo yacho deposits ose zviwanikwa, muRussia vanoziva. Jogirafi, kwakaita nzvimbo yacho, cartography inowira kutsanangurwa chero chipi zvacho mamiriro kufarira panguva paumbwe imwe centralized simba Moscow. Mugumisiro hanya ichi chaiva "Big Plans". Ndipo zano ndima Russian, akaurayiwa jira 2,5h2,5 m, vakasikwa imwe shanduro maererano mirairo Ivana Groznogo.

Iri ndiro basa rokutanga inozivikanwa cartographers Russian akauya chete ari muchimiro rondedzero - "Big Mubhuku Mifananidzo", umo hombe mashoko kugutsikana uye kunyatsoita kadhi waivako waioneka.

mamiriro kusvika

Kubva panguva Peter I kweRussia akaumba ezvinhu hurongwa Geodesy uye Cartography. Kugadzirira uye rakadhindwa makadhi zvakapiwa wenharaunda yaitongwa Academy of Sciences. Zvakaguma chihombe basa iri kuongorora mamiriro enharaunda yacho Russian, akasunungura shanduro wandei hwakadzama atlases.

Pakati penyanzvi uye mafeni vainakidzwa mukurumbira mukuru Atlas nechepakati mapurovhinzi Russian, kunyora uye yakabudiswa vaitungamirirwa A. I. Mende.

On itsva hwokugadzira uye rwesangano zvezvipfuwo cartography uye geoinformatics vakarerwa reSoviet munguva. Pakazosvika 1954, majini yose nyika kunyorwa panguva kutambudzwa 1: 100,000. Kana streamlined pamwe vanoshingaira yemarudzi wakabudiswa ari "Great Soviet Atlas of World" - chimwe chezvinhu rakakwana mepu dzenyika nevezvenhau.

yazvino

Hand wakavhomorwa zvirongwa uye mepu zvakapfuura emakore dziri nyaya kuyemurwa dzekare, vateresi uye connoisseurs ose yakajeka art. Modern cartography - kwetunhu cheka-kumucheto zvesainzi. Budiriro kwaiva kushandiswa chaizvo kure nzira zoning yepasi - zvemuchadenga mifananidzo vokutanga, uye ipapo - kuti atarise pemvura Nyika satellites. Mari idzi ndakaita mepu nhasi uye zvirongwa siyana pamwero yakasiyana wayo kukwana uye kururama.

Computer uye Electro-Manyiminya kudhinda hurongwa kunge vangasimudzira kwakachinja kadhi nokudhinda. 3D-Modelling, digitaalinen mufananidzo kubudiswa, ongororo uye kurapa hombe Databases - zvatinosiita kushanda nzira cartography ano. In yokukurumidzira ichi mutakuri pepa kunoderedza nokukurumidza. The chikuru ritungamirirwe ano cartography uye geoinformatics akaita Visualization mashoko pamusoro geosphere kuti zvemagetsi kuti kuona dzakasiyana-siyana midziyo.

Izvozvo zvinosanganisira Mapping:

• Cartography - mukuru kudzidza mepu.
• History of cartography - kukura nzira rokugadzirira, zvichiita uye kushandisa mepu.
• Pamasikiro uye Mapping.
• Cartographic semiotics - kwegadziriro zviratidzo uye kushandiswa kwawo munyika neSvondo.
• Cartographic patani.
• Edition uye kutsikisa mepu.
• Kushandisa mepu.
• Kukura cartographic kunobva mashoko.
• Toponymy - sayenzi mazita nenzvimbo.

Industry Maitiro cartography

Modern cartographic zvigadzirwa ingasanganisira mashoko kuhupenyu zhinji nzvimbo nesayenzi, magariro mabasa avanhu. Pakati pavo vane mukuru enzvimbo - nzvimbo dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa mavambo, geologic, ivhu, ethnographic. Pakati nzvimbo itsva ndivo Geo-ikoroji, geopolitics, nesarudzo.

Mutsauko pakati akasiyana nzvimbo kushanda kunoita zvinhu zvakadaro kuti vane zvimwe zvinodiwa achigadzirira uye kuuraya. Maps uye atlases uchipinda kushandiswa zvatinokanganisa panguva dzakasiyana-siyana zvedzidzo, kwesainzi, vari kudiwa mu nepagungwa uye mhepo navigation, map - chinokosha nzvimbo mumabhuku. Setsika, kudiwa zvechiuto uye mapurani mepu uye topographical zvirongwa.

IT-ruzivo

Computer michina iri cartography revolutionized, nokusika mumwe zvikuru nevanhu vayo mirayiridzo. Kudyidzana kombiyuta Modelling uye Geo-informatics akasika GIS Mapping. Kupfuura pachena uye akasiyana mugumisiro razova paIndaneti Mapping, achibvumira kushandiswa zvakakodzera uye akakodzera mashoko pamusoro yakapoteredza geosphere, akawandisa vanhu.

The chikuru mukana paIndaneti cartography ndiko kushanda mashoko, ayo akakwirira ruzivo kugutsikana uye zvakajeka. Kugona kuti dzifambirane mepu online, shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana ayo kuratidza - planar uye-dimensional matatu, masikati nousiku, kuwedzera Panoramic mepu mapikicha nemavhidhiyo - izvi zvose zvinoreva haungambofari cartographers kare.

Panyika uye gungwa Panyika uye muchadenga

Pasina kadhi hazvibviri kuongorora nyika. Vanotakura mashoko vakaungana vanachiremba akasiyana namatavi sainzi, iyo inobatsira zvayo ongororo kubudiswa, chitarisiko itsva dzidziso uye hypotheses.

Somuenzaniso, geomorphology - sayenzi of mitemo paumbwe pano zororo - kuita pasina chaiyoiyo topographical nyika uye seafloor mepu. Kudzidza kugovera uye zvinokonzera zvirwere hazvibviri pasina hwakadzama dzinongoitika uye socio-ezvoupfumi mepu.

Kunyange mapuraneti kure kuti vave chinhu cartography ano. Okufananidza Planetology anoita paumbwe kwemiviri yokudenga, ongorora mepu Pasi nemifananidzo zvakatorwa chitundumusere-musere.

Zvakachena uye Inofadza

Dzimwe nguva pane kutonga Kusaona rufu tsika cartography. Fungidzira kukura mashoko michina kuchaita kuti Kusabatsira mepu uye urongwa muchimiro bepa mbiya uye atlases. Find zvikuru mashoko pamusoro chero pfungwa panyika kana iri foreseeable nzvimbo iri kuva nyore. Asi rinoti chete nzira cartographic mashoko bhuku.

Cartography - ndiyo nhoroondo refu uye tsika zvikuru. Regai anodhinda yepamusoro uye varemekedzwe yakajeka makadhi zvakagadzirwa zvino hanya mamwe vateresi - mashoko ano uye wekushandisa nehurongwa hunovakirwa mazano yakataurwa kumarudzi cartographers.

The Kugara Kuchinja mumuviri, magariro uye enyika mufananidzo Nyika yayo zvakavapoteredza inoita Mapping zvesainzi maindasitiri, kudiwa izvo haangatongopfuuri.