Chemosynthetic utachiona: mienzaniso. Basa chemosynthetic kwemabhakitiriya

How kuvaka uye vaite pezvakaitwa zvinokosha mabhakitiriya, chemosynthetic dzakasiyana zvinhu? Kuti tipindure mibvunzo iyi, zvakakosha kubata zvakawanda zvipenyu pfungwa.

Mamirire zviri mabhakitiriya

Chokutanga, tsvaka vari utachiona. Izvi yose umambo zvakasikwa. Ndivo zvinenge kuroora-celled vari nemaziso saizi, izvo kuine nuclei. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti utachiona havana hurongwa anokonzera nokupfuuridzirwa enhaka mashoko. Iye chete ane zvimwe chinyakare sangano. Izvi raundi DNA molecules kuti kusimbiswa imwe chikamu cytoplasm rinonzi nucleoid.

Musimboti autotrophic zvokudya

Chemosynthetic Mabhakitiriya, mienzaniso chichakurukurwa munyaya ino, pamusoro kwavo zvibereko makemikari nyaya. Vakaita autotrophs, sezvinoita zvinomera. Zvisinei, yokupedzisira inoshandiswa nokuda simba ichi chezuva. Kuvapo zvakasvibirira plastids chloroplasts vakwanise kuita chirongwa photosynthesis. Chaizvoizvo Its uvete paumbwe shuga kubva carbohydrate inorganic zvinhu - carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura. Chimwe chigadzirwa of kwemakemikari kuita oxygen. Mabhakitiriya wo autotrophic. Asi simba havafaniri chiedza chezuva. Ivo vanoita mumwe muitiro - chemosynthesis.

Chii chemosynthesis

Chemosynthesis akatumidza paumbwe Organic zvinhu nokuda redox siyana. hunhu hwake rinoitwa chete prokaryotes. Chemosynthetic mabhakitiriya anogona kushandiswa nokuda kwetunhu Organic yeimwe rwesarufa yeimwe, senitrogen uye simbi. Izvi anosunungura simba riri vaunganidza zvisungo rokutanga ATP, pashure iyo masero kwemabhakitiriya inogona kushandiswa.

Chemosynthetic bakitiriya: dzinogarisana

Sezvo upenyu chemotroph hakutsamiri pamberi chezuva, avo kuparadzirwa siyana rakafara zvakakwana. Somuenzaniso, sarufa mabhakitiriya anogona kugara mukuru yakadzika, dzimwe nguva sezvo pane chete vamiriri zvipenyu. Habitat Data prokaryotes zvinokonzerwa ivhu, wastewater uye substrates vakapfuma vamwe makemikari.

simbi utachiona

By chemosynthetic utachiona zvinosanganisira prokaryotes, vachichinja Zvinoumba resimbi yeimwe. Vakanga yakawanikwa pedyo akakurumbira Russian microbiologist Sergei Nikolaevich Vinogradskii muna 1950. Izvi mhando mabhakitiriya ari oxidation zvakaitwa anochinja mwero oxidation resimbi, zvichiita trivalent. Yavanogara yakachena uye munyu nemvura. Zvakasikwa Vanotakura simbi kuparadzirwa zvakasikwa, ari bhizimisi uye zvinoshandiswa kugadzira emhangura wakachena. Utachiona uhwu chokuita litoavtotrofam vanokwanisa ulekisloty synthesize zvimwe zvinhu masero ayo.

sarufa utachiona

Utachiona chemosynthetic fuma rwesarufa yeimwe, pangava muzvitsaure pasi kwemvura miviri kana chimiro symbiosis pamwe dzemugungwa uye zvomumvura invertebrates. Sezvo vari tsime oxidation kushandisa rehydrogen sulphide, sulphide, thione samolecular asidhi kana nesurferi. Izvi mhando mabhakitiriya kwave huru nyaya yokutanga uye kudzidza chemosynthesis rikurumidze. boka iri zvinosanganisira prokaryotes uye vamwe phototrophic prokaryotes. Somuenzaniso, zvakadai magenta kana mutema sarufa utachiona.

nitrite utachiona

On nemidzi leguminous zvinomera agadzirise nitrifitsiruschie utachiona. Chemosynthetic prokaryotes boka iri oxidize amoniya kune nitric acid. Izvi zvakaitwa rinoitwa matanho akawanda kuumba intermediates. Nhandare tiri senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona. Ivo uchagara pamusoro midzi leguminous zvirimwa. Rakapinza muruoko subterranean muviri rinenge vanoumba noruzhinji thickening. Inside zvivako izvi zvinoitawo kuti tio- zvakatipoteredza aibuda chemosynthesis. chirimwa symbiosis pamwe rhizobia vashanduri kunobatsira. The prokaryotes yokutanga inopa makemikari nyaya anobudiswa panguva photosynthesis. Mabhakitiriya anogona kugadzirisa mumhepo senitrogen uye kuichinja kuva chimiro kuwanikwa miti.

Nei izvi zvichikosha? Mushure senitrogen wevasungwa mumhepo iri zvakakwana yakakura uye iri 78%. Asi chimiro ichi miriwo havagoni yokufungisisa fuma. A senitrogen miti inoda kuti kukura midzi. Pakadaro, uye kubatsira kuti nodule utachiona, izvo kuichinja nitrate uye Ammonium fomu.

thiobacteria

Chemosynthetic utachiona vari prokaryotes uye thione. Ravo simba mabviro vari siyana sarufa yeimwe. Izvi mhando mabhakitiriya ovadzorera sulfuric acid. Izvi zvakaitwa achabatsirwa chinokosha vasanyanye ph kukosha svikiro. Thiobacteria acidophiles muboka. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvipenyu anogona kurarama pamatunhu acidity. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro yo wetlands. Pamwe chete ichi boka thiane unotora lactic uye acetic inouraya utachiona, flagellates uye rotifers.

rehydrogen utachiona

Kupira uku prokaryotes ndivo ivhu vagari. Ivo samolecular rehydrogen riri oxidized kuti mvura pamwe kusunungurwa simba. utachiona akadaro zvakare mukati boka thermophiles. Izvi zvinoreva kuti vanokwanisa kuramba chinhanho panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha mwero izvo mozhetdo zvakakwanisika madhigirii 50 Celsius. Mano aya hydrogen utachiona nokuti kuti secrete anokosha makemikari kuti ishande kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.

Basa chemosynthetic kwemabhakitiriya

Chemotroph basa guru iri kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti tishandurwe uye kuparadzirwa mishonga hanya ari mamiriro. Sezvo rehydrogen sulfide uye amoniya chaizvo chepfu fuma, panodikanwa kuti neutralize navo. Izvi zvakare vakatapwa chemotrophic utachiona. Nokufamba nemakemikari pave fuma zvinodiwa nevamwe zvinenge kuti vakwanise kwomuzvarirwo kukura. deposits Large dzesimbi uye manganese ores pakudzika mumakungwa uye anezvimiti simuka nokuda basa chemotroph. Kureva - simbi utachiona.

Man akadzidza kushandisa yakasiyana zvivako zviri chemotroph uye mabasa ayo. Somuenzaniso, achishandisa sarufa utachiona kucheneswa dongo mvura kubva hydrogen sulfide, kudzivirira simbi uye kongiri zvikwepa kubva ngura uye kubva muvhu acidification.

Saka, chemosynthetic utachiona dzinokosha prokaryotes, anokwanisa kushandisa zvakakodzera namakemikari maitiro pasi anaerobic ezvinhu. Utachiona uhwu oxidize nyaya. The simba saka iyo asunungurwa, vari kutanga mudura zvisungo ATP, uye ipapo kureva kwemasayendisiti zvinokosha. The zvihombe esimbi, sarufa senitrogen-kugadzira utachiona. Vanorarama mumvura muvhu zvakatipoteredza. Chemotroph chinhu chinokosha link riparadzirwe zvinhu, zvinopa chipenyu muviri pamwe zvakakodzera zvinhu uye zvikuru kushandiswa munhu zveupfumi uye maindasitiri mabasa.