Iron yeimwe. Hardware: mumuviri makemikari zvivako

The zvigadzirwa chokutanga simbi uye ayo alloys akawanikwa Pavaichera uye musi kubva pamusoro 4th chemakore BC. Ndiko, nevaIjipiti vekare uye sevaSumer vaishandisa meteoric deposits venhumbi kubereka zvishongo uye zvemumba, uyewo zvombo.

Nhasi, marudzi akasiyana-siyana simbi yeimwe uye akachena simbi - ichi ndicho uye akashandisa zvinhu. Ndosaka XX remakore simbi kwainzi. Zvechokwadi, kusvikira veMubatanidzwa uye kwakapararira mupurasitiki uye vakarondedzera zvinhu, remubatanidzwa uyu yairwirwa kukosha kuvanhu. Ndechipi rinoita chinhu uye anoumba fuma, tinofunga pepa rino.

Chemical eremendi simbi

Kana tikafunga nemamiriro atomu, inofanira kutanga tsanangurai nzvimbo yaro periodic ino.

1. Serial nhamba - 26.
2. Period - wechina pakukura.
3. Boka masere, kuti subgroup sideline.
4. Mabhomba uremu - 55,847.
5. The mamiriro nechitarisiko yemagetsi anoshongwa runotaurwa payakavakirwa 3d ⁶ 4S ^2.
6. Chemical chaikosha chiratidzo - Fe.
7. Name - simbi, kuverenga nzira - "Ferrum".
8. Zvakasikwa, pane ina akatsiga isotopes ari chinhu pamwe gobvu nhamba 54, 56, 57, 58.

Chemical chaikosha simbi anewo anenge 20 isotopes dzakasiyana kuti havasi kugadzikana. Possible oxidation zvinogona kuratidza basa atomu:

• 0;
• +2;
• 3;
• 6.

Inokosha kwete bedzi chinhu pacharo, asi zvaro yeimwe siyana uye alloys.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Somunhu nyore fuma, simbi mumuviri ehupfumi ane raidudzwa metallism. Kureva, sirivha-chena pamwe wachena tint simbi rine yakakwirira malleability uye ductility uye yakakwirira utsotso uye Kubika pfungwa. Kana tikafunga zvainyanya muudzame, zvino:

• Utsotso pfungwa - 1 539 ⁰ C;
• Achibika - 2862 ⁰ C;
• Basa - avhareji;
• refractoriness - soro;
• Exhibits anzi rinobva ehupfumi.

Zvichienderana nemamiriro uye kutonhora, pane okunatsiridza dzakawanda iyo inowanikwa simbi. ehupfumi Zvokunyama vavo vakasiyana pakuti siyana crystalline napamahwindo.

1. Arifa chimiro, kana ferrite iripo kuti tembiricha kuti 769 ⁰ C.
2. Kubva 769 kusvika 917 ⁰ C - beta fomu.
3. 917-1394 ⁰ C - wegamma-chimiro, kana austenite.
4. Above 1394 ⁰ C - Sigma simbi.

okunatsiridza All dzakasiyana sekristaro yekamuri yakarongeka mifananidzo, uyewo akasiyana rinobva ehupfumi.

mushonga ehupfumi

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, zviri nyore simbi remubatanidzwa rinoratidza kumusoro reactivity. Zvisinei, muna dzakarukwa zvakanaka yakakamurwa muchimiro anokwanisa nomuzvarirwo vesa mumhepo uye yakachena okisijeni opisa simbi pachayo.

Ngura kugona kumusoro, saka alloys inotaurwa iyi fuma alloying yeimwe. Iron anokwanisa kutaura:

• acids;
• okisijeni (kusanganisira mhepo);
• sarufa;
• halogens;
• kana neshungu - senitrogen, phosphorus, carbon nesilicon;
• munyu nezvishoma reactive nesimbi, kudzorera navo nyore zvinhu;
• chenjera hwemvura;
• pamwe munyu iron iri oxidation wehurumende +3.

Zviri pachena, kuratidza basa yakadaro, anokwanisa kuumba siyana simbi yeimwe uye polar zvakasiyana-siyana ehupfumi. Uye zvinoitika saizvozvo. Iron dzaro yeimwe zviri zvikuru-siyana uye zvinoshandiswa muminda siyana sayenzi, ruzivo, munhu maindasitiri basa.

Distribution zvakasikwa

Natural yeimwe esimbi chaizvo nevakawanda, nokuti yechipiri zvikuru zvakawanda chinhu panyika pashure aruminiyamu. In yakachena chimiro simbi zviri zvikuru chisingawanzowaniki meteorites, zvichiratidza masumbu awo guru riri muchadenga. Unorema murwiyo zvirimowo mu ores, matombo uye zvicherwa.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro chikamu ari chinhu zvakasikwa, zvinokwanisika kuti kumbotipa zvinotevera nenhamba.

1. The nuclei pakati mapuraneti pano - 90%.
2. goko The Wenyika - 5%.
3. Mupasi echiBuddha - 12%.
4. The pasi paro - 86%.
5. The rwizi mvura - 2 MG / L.
6. In gungwa uye sea - 0.02 MG / l.

Vakawanda muchimiro simbi kungatowedzera zvinotevera zvicherwa:

• magnetite;
• limonite uye limonite;
• vivianite;
• pyrrhotite;
• pyrite;
• siderite;
• marcasite;
• loellingite;
• mispikel;
• milanterit uye nevamwe.

Hazvina kure kwete zvakakwana list, nokuti zvechokwadi kwazvo. Uyezve, zvikuru akasiyana alloys kuti vakasikwa nomurume. Izviwo, yeimwe dzakadaro simbi, pasina iro zvakaoma kufungidzira ano upenyu vanhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira marudzi makuru maviri:

• kukanda simbi;
• simbi.

Uyewo, zviri inokosha kuwedzera redare murwiyo vazhinji nickel alloys.

yeimwe simbi (II)

Izvi zvinosanganisira vaya iyo oxidation wehurumende iri +2 dzichiumbwa maatomu akafanana. Vari zvakakwana vazhinji, nekuti havana vanosanganisira:

• oxide;
• hydroxide;
• binary remubatanidzwa;
• dzakaoma munyu;
• dzakaoma yeimwe.

The zvokuimba kwemakemikari yeimwe iyo zviratidzwa akati simbi oxidation mamiriro kuti kirasi nerimwe nomumwe. Funga anokosha uye zvakafanana vavo.

1. Iron oxide (II). Black upfu, insoluble mumvura. Hunhu kubatana - inokosha. Zvisinei, unogona kukurumidza oxidize, uye kuderedzwa kuti nyore fuma kunogonawo nyore. It urwa mu asidhi kuumba runoenzanirana munyu. Formula - FeO.
2. Iron hydroxide (II). Zviri chena amorphous precipitate. Munyu inoumbwa maitiro nezvigadziko (alkali). Rinoratidza simba zvinhu ehupfumi, vaikwanisa nokukurumidza oxidized mumhepo kuti simbi yeimwe ndiyo +3. Formula - Fe (OH) _2.
3. Munyu chinhu akati oxidation. Ndivo Kazhinji akacheneruka-nyoro inotoda zvakanaka oxidized kunyange mhepo, kuwana shava ruvara uye achipfuura kuti 3. simbi munyu zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura. Mienzaniso yeimwe: FeCL _2, FeSO _4, Fe (NO _{3) 2.}

The rinoshanda kukosha pakati akanzi zvinhu vane zvakawanda yeimwe. Chokutanga, simbi chloride (II). Ndicho chikuru nokutengesa ions mumuviri womunhu, murwere kupererwa neropa. Kana chirwere ichi chiri akanzi ari murwere, iye ushandiswe kugadzirira yakaoma, idzo dzinobva mukomboni mune mubvunzo. Saka pane replenishment resimbi kushayiwa pamuviri.

Chechipiri, simbi sulfate, i.e. ferrous sulfate (II), nendarira inoshandiswa kuuraya tupukanana pazvirimwa. Nzira kunoratidza kuva vanobudirira haisi gumi nembiri makore okutanga, ndizvo chaizvo chaizvo Chikwata.

Mohr kuti munyu

remubatanidzwa ichi, chinova hydrated simbi sulfate uye Ammonium. Formula yake yakanyorwa sezvo FeSO ₄ * (NH _{4) 2} SO ₄ * 6 ₂ O. Mumwe simbi yeimwe (II), iro rave kushandiswa chaizvo tsika. The chikuru nzvimbo kushandiswa anofanira kuva murume.

1. Pharmaceutics.
2. kuongorora kwesayenzi uye rabhoritari titrimetric kuongorora (kuona zviri chromium, potassium permanganate, vanadium).
3. Medicine - somunhu chirungiso zvokudya pasi zvishoma resimbi mumuviri murwere.
4. Nokuti impregnation emapuranga zvigadzirwa, sezvo Mohr kuti munyu kunodzivirira kuora pezvakaitwa.

Kune dzimwe nzvimbo umo fuma inoshandiswa. zita kwayo inonzi mushure German kemisiti, tanga vakawana ehupfumi hwakaratidza.

Zvinhu ane mwero oxidation resimbi (III)

The ehupfumi resimbi yeimwe nayo akava mwero oxidation pakati +3, muri siyanei avo vaiona pamusoro. Saka, yezvakaita runoenzanirana oxide uye hydroxide havasi zvinokosha uye amphoteric akaratidza. Ngationei tsanangura dzinokosha zvinhu.

1. Iron oxide (III). Upfu-grained, yakatsvukuruka mashava ruvara. The mvura insoluble, zvakaneta acidic anoratidza ehupfumi zvakawanda amphoteric. Formula: Fe ₂ O _3.
2. Iron hydroxide (III). A fuma kuti precipitate panguva Zvakaitwa alkalis kuti runoenzanirana simbi munyu. Hunhu hwake iziviswe amphoteric, ruvara mashava mashava. Formula: Fe (OH) _3.
3. Munyu izvo zvinosanganisira nokuo- nga Fe ^3+. muzvizhinji kwakadaro dzinounzwa, kunze carbonate, sezvo hydrolysis kunoitika uye inobereka carbon dioxide. Mienzaniso munyu pamusoro payakavakirwa: Fe (NO _{3) 3,} Fe ₂ (SO _{4) 3,} FeCL _3, FeBr _3, uye vamwe.

Pakati mienzaniso zvinobatsira kunokosha zvakadai crystalline sezvo FeCL _{3 *} 6 ₂ O, kana ferric chloride hexahydrate (III). Rinoshandiswa mukurapa kumisa ropa uye replenishment resimbi ions mumuviri vanenge kupererwa neropa.

Nonahydrate simbi sulfate (III) rinoshandiswa nokuda wokunatswa mvura yokunwa, sezvo kuita somunhu coagulant.

yeimwe simbi (VI)

Formula makemikari resimbi, apo chinoratidza chimwe oxidation mamiriro +6, anogona kunyorwa seizvi:

• K ₂ FeO _4;
• Na ₂ FeO _4;
• MgFeO ₄ nevamwe.

Vose vane zvakafanana zita - ferrates - uye vane nzvimbo yakafanana (simba yokuderedza nevamiririri). vava kukwanisawo disinfect uye kuva bactericidal nomugumisiro. Izvi zvinobvumira kushandiswa kwavo mishonga mvura yokunwa pamusoro muindasitiri akamboona.

dzakaoma yeimwe

Very kukosha Analytical kemisitiri, uye kwete chete dzinokosha zvinhu. Kwakadaro chimiro kuti aqueous munyu mhinduro. Izvi remubatanidzwa kunzwisisa dzesimbi. Kupfuura mukurumbira uye zvakanaka vakadzidza ava ndivo zvinotevera.

1. Hexacyanoferrate (II) potassium K ₄ [Fe (CN) _6]. Chimwe zita kubatana - yeyero ropa munyu. Rinoshandiswa kuti Qualitative kutsunga resimbi Ion mune mhinduro Fe ^3+. Somugumisiro mushonga anova akanaka inopenya ruvara rwebhuruu dzisingadi neimwe zvakaoma - Prussian yebhuruu KFe ³⁺ [Fe ²⁺ (CN) _6]. Sezvo makarekare aishandiswa senzira dhayi kuti jira.
2. Hexacyanoferrate (III) potassium K ₃ [Fe (CN) _6]. Chimwe zita - red ropa munyu. Senzira Qualitative kutsunga reagent Fe ²⁺ simbi ions. Zvinoguma yebhuruu precipitate ane zita turnbuleva rwebhuruu. Aishandiswawo senzira dhayi kuti jira.

Iron mutezo Organic zvinhu

Iron aro yeimwe tiri, sezvataona, muri mukuru anobatsira kukosha mune zvoupfumi upenyu munhu. Zvisinei, mukuwedzera, ayo yomuzvarirwo basa mumuviri haidereri mukuru, zvikuru kudaro.

Pane chinokosha makemikari remubatanidzwa imwe puroteni, izvo zvinosanganisira basa maatomu akafanana. Chizenga ichi. Zviri nekuvongwa iye achienda pamusoro chokufambisa reokisijeni akaita yunifomu uye nenguva kupanana magasi. Saka, basa redare pezvakaitwa dzinokosha - kufema - iri rakakura.

Just mukati womunhu ine anenge 4 magiramu esimbi, izvo zvinofanira kugara kukasawedzerwa kuburikidza zvokudya ukapisa.