Chii Boltzmann uropi?

Mukuru chido chevanhu vose kubva panguva yakare anga kuparara chakavanzika wezvose. Vazhinji siyana hypotheses uye nedzidziso fadza pfungwa masayendisiti munyika yose. Chii Boltzmann uropi uye nei izvozvo anonzi kupfuura vatorwa uye zvisingafadzi nechirevo munhoroondo cosmology?

Lyudvig Boltsman vake dzidziso

Lyudvig Boltsman aiva yefizikisi uyo nyanzvi Statistical hurongwa unobva tudonhwe Newton mumuviri wethermodynamics. Boltzmann kinetic dzidziso kwete chete anotsanangura sei kupisa, basa uye simba zvine chokuita nomumwe. Naiyewo akapa tsanangudzo entropy hwakajeka. Kunyange ake Boltzmann pfungwa uye kudzokera tsika kunzwisisa zvakasikwa uye pfungwa dzake, pasinei nezvinetso kunzwisisa kwavo, ndizvo zvakare zvinokosha.

Pressure, tembiricha uye vhoriyamu hunhu chikuru gasi. Nokuti kusarudza nzvimbo uye velocity kwemaatomu zvose kana mamorekuru Boltzmann akafananidza navo vashoma gasi mamiriro apo nemaziso tudonhwe zvose pamwe. Pane nzira dzakawanda kuti maatomu kutama. Nepo avhareji velocity pakati kufamba ose maatomu ari anenge chete kumanikidzwa, tembiricha uye Vhoriyamu gasi achava mukati zvakanyatsoenzana.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti pane zvakawanda negasi nerokuti microstates. Boltzmann akagumisa kuti entropy wegadziriro mune imwe nyika kunobva nhamba noenderana microstates wayo nhaka. Universe musayendisiti anonziwo wakaiswa pamusoro microstates.

Chakavanzika nguva

Pasinei dzakawanda Zvakawanikwa nevanhu munhoroondo zvakavanzika zhinji vacharamba unsolved kwenguva refu. Somuenzaniso, kufarira kukuru mubvunzo yakadzika uye kare: sei nguva anoenda chete rimwe divi?

Boltzmann akatsanangura kuti vanonzi museve nguva iyo entropy, chiyero wenyonganyonga kana chinhu simba hakungamboitwi kuderedzwa yakadaro namahwindo gadziriro, sezvo zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa. Zvose izvi zvakaoma chaizvo, uye mumwe upenyu hakuna kukwana nechokwadi kuti zvose izvi sei kunzwisisa.

The wezvose Boltzmann

Boltzmann uropi - ndiwo pfungwa wezvose. Nokusingaperi, zvinhu zvose zvinogoneka. Boltzmann, chadenga anofungidzirwa agara aripo. Modern vanodzidza nezvenyeredzi vanoramba shanduro iyi. Iye akaberekwa ari Big Bang anenge 14 bhiriyoni apfuura. The simba kuti ave vaunganidza nzvimbo kwenguva refu, akakwanisa kubuda, uye zvishoma nezvishoma pane primordial nyonganyonga rokudzorera hurongwa.

Boltzmann uropi uye wethermodynamics

Ikozvino ngatitaurei pamusoro kubatana pasi kukurukurwa tsvagai chinhu pamwe wethermodynamics. Chii chinoita Boltzmann uropi zvinonakidza kudaro? Somumwe dzidziso pamusoro zvakasikwa uye kuvapo waifarirwa pfungwa pakubatsira kuongorora kupfuura noshamisa uye zvinoshamisa zvine chokuita mumuviri dzidziso mavambo. Izvi zvinofadza uye kunzwisisa mubvunzo munhu anogona gogodza Stolk. Hazvina zvakafanira kunzwisisa dzidziso sezvaari. Zvinongoreva anganzi ane pfungwa Kuedza wethermodynamics.

Wethermodynamics - kudzidza kupisa chaizvoizvo uye inoyerera. Kupisa - pfuma yacho kuti haazvibati somunhu mhando fluid uchifamba kubva nenzvimbo. Sezvo zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa zvimwe chokuita kupisa aibuda features, yakawanda tsvakurudzo chakaitwa nezvenyaya wethermodynamics, kunzwisisa zviri nani nomufambiro chafariz simba.

thermodynamic zvakanyatsoenzana

Chimwe chinokosha misimboti wethermodynamics - pfungwa zvakanyatsoenzana. Kana ukarasa ice kuutio mune girazi remvura, tembiricha gradation yakabuda zvishoma nezvishoma equalized, kupisa uchatanga itye chando mvura uye pakupedzisira vose nemvura zvasvika ane tembiricha dzechisoja.

Mumwe dzinonakidza zvakabuda pfungwa thermodynamic zvakanyatsoenzana ndechokuti hurongwa havangagoni kuwana nepakati, riri kuonekwa kwazvo asingatarisirwi, saka tinogona zvakanaka kufunga kuti hauzombofi kuitika. Hakuna mutemo panyama kuti achabvumira mvura mugirazi, izvo akakanda mijenya acho nomuzvarirwo atonhodze pasi uye kutendeukira kuna chando.

Gangaidzo kuvapo kwevanhu

Man - ichi ndicho kunzwisisa uye anoruka akagadzirwa nyaya kuti akambova aripo zvakasikwa. Pasinei zvose mitemo wethermodynamics vanhu zviripo, kunyange Boltzmann uropi (science ingano ndiko kana chokwadi, hazvisi pachena kusvikira ikozvino) yokuti kuvapo kwevanhu - hapana anopfuura gangaidzo. The chidzoke wevanhu sokuti kunyange kudarika chishamiso ice kuutio yakaumbwa mumvura Pazvakangomutambudza wadururirwa kubva pombi.

Lyudvig Boltsman akanga zvakamushamisa kuvapo zvisingabviri kubva nemaonero wethermodynamics zvinhu sevanhu. Iye akataura kuti vanhu - zviri chete Ice cubes kuti akaumba nomuzvarirwo. Asi magumo zvose, hapana zvisingaiti uye hakungagoni.

yepakutanga pfungwa

Physics, rechi19 uye remakore rechi20 akatanga pfungwa itsva dzinoverengeka kuti nguva ino, asi pfungwa "Boltzmann uropi" (pfungwa wezvose) rakapfuura vose, akaisa mberi nokufungidzira kwokuti comprehensively vakadzidza uye vanoziva sangano rakaumbwa nomuzvarirwo muchadenga. Izvi zvose zvinoda guru yakawanda nguva.

Boltzmann uropi - zviri kuratidzwa kuti zvakasikwa ane risina parinogumira upenyu basa. mhando Most kufanotaura nezveramangwana, nguva dzose zvichaita kuti exponentially kuwedzerwa.

The Living Universe: Boltzmann uropi

Panewo kubvuma kuti pane anogona kuva risina parinogumira uwandu universes. universes zvose izvi zviri kuramba kuwedzera pamwero incredible. Dzidziso yacho multiverse inoramba dzichipesana, nokuti ayo kunzwisisa zviri trudnodokazuemoy. Universe mhenyu pfungwa ane vanoziva munhu, vakaitwa kubva anongoitika nokufamba ari chaionekwa nzvimbo uye nguva.

Izvi zvinoreva kuti stochastic nokufamba vari padanho entropy (rebipolar) zvose aigona hunonzi zvibereko chinhu chakaoma, kana kupiwa nguva yakakwana. remakore rechi19 yefizikisi Lyudvig Boltsman akaratidza kokutanga, zvingangodaro kuti kubva kwemasvomhu pfungwa maonero.

zvisingaperi Universe

The magumo zvakasikwa, zviri kurongwa configuration yose inoramba anogona nomuzvarirwo vachaonekwepi uye kunyangarika, nemiviri uropi kuyangarara mu muchadenga - zvose zviri nyore kunzwisisa, sezvo muganhu pamusoro chete chechetere pamwe tarenda maonero enyika.

Chinhu randomly kusarudzwa zvose ane chikonzero, zvingava zvakawanda kungangoita kuti nokufamba pane nokushanduka-shanduka. Iri ndiro gangaidzo. Boltzmann pfungwa chaizvoizvo anogona kuwanikwa kashoma kupfuura nokushanduka-shanduka, sezvo arambe achirema kuti ndingangokuvara paumbwe shanduka kubva chigadzirwa wakakwirira kupfuura ake.

Maererano masayendisiti, pfungwa - chiri fungidziro vakasikwa nesungano pakati vakawanda nyore zvinhu. The uropi hwomunhu ndicho dzouropi kuti mumwe munhu ane anenge mabhiriyoni 86.

The kombiyuta anokwanisa kushandisa nyore Masvomhu kuvaka dzakaoma gadziriro uye pfungwa unovaka chiito uye nendangariro nemhaka nesungano pakati Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Uye saka sokunofadza Boltzmann uropi kupfuura pfungwa yetsvakurudzo chakagadzirirwa inonetsa vanhu zvekungofungira pamusoro nemamiriro wezvose. Uye kufanana kuedza kwazvo kuti anosanganisira kusaverengeka uye kwezvose, zviri ephemeral.

Kare - chiri fungidziro

Pamusoro Boltzmann uropi vanoti chii iye anodana ndangariro uye zvakamboitika illusory. Man anotenda kuti chiitiko remasayendisiti zvinopa uchapupu hwakasimba hwokuti nyika yakabuda kubva Big Bang. Vose experimental Data dzose sayenzi vari akagadzira ndangariro.

Hazvifaniri anoonekwa somunhu zvimwe dzidziso Boltzmann kuti nharo. To musi, sainzi ane zvakakwana uchapupu kuramba zvimwe naka dzidziso. Asi chokwadi chokuti kubvuma kuti yepakutanga uye dzinonakidza, hazvirambiki.

An tsanzira pfungwa

Unogona kuedza kufungidzira kwekanguva kuti zvakasikwa (Boltzmann uropi - chiri chinhu, nomuzvarirwo kuumbwa mariri) vachaenda chafariz zvakanyatsoenzana. Maererano samolecular bumbiro nengaidzo rine simba. Gas Somuenzaniso, ari kuparadzirwa noruvara mune nzvimbo iripo kuti. Zvisinei, kuti chero samolecular kuchiva anogona kuunza kwechinguva zvishoma gobvu mamiriro panzvimbo imwe uye zvishoma pfungwa yokushanda mune dzimwe.

oscillations Zvakakura kunobvirawo. Kunwisa kusiyana-siyana anogona kukonzera compression negasi. The ndingangokuvara vanhuwo compression kwakadaro yakaderera. Normal gasi vhoriyamu kungava 1024 mamorekuru pokuenda tisingatungamirirwi mumwe. Rinofanira vose vave panzvimbo imwe, zvinoshamisa uye hakungagoni, asi kubva nemaonero muviri kudaro zvisingabviri.

Asi chii kana zvose zvaiva magumo, apo nguva anongoitika nokufamba dziwande? Zvadaro, panguva yakakodzera panzvimbo chaiyo inogona kuda chinhu, kana vanhu, mhuka, motokari, kana kuti zvakasikwa superintelligence. Akafunga akakurumbira yefizikisi uye baba Lyudvig Boltsman wethermodynamics, zvose zvinogoneka mune kusingaperi zvakasikwa.