Geographical zvakatipoteredza. Chii chinonzi nenzvimbo ezvinhu

Geographical zvakatipoteredza - ndiwo hweunhu, izvo zvakananga interacts vanhu. Zvakafanira kuti vanhu kugadzirisa kugadzirwa matambudziko uye upenyu. Siyana kuti huripo zvakasikwa, zviri muropa yakakamurwa basa kwevanhu. Akatanga kuita nokuvhima hove, mhuka minda, migodhi, etc. Features kuti ane chaivo chaivo zvakatipoteredza, ipai dzakananga mirayiridzo mabasa evanhu. Mienzaniso vamwe matavi okuwana, izvo dzinosiyana nenyika uye nharaunda.

History of budiriro

Geographical mamiriro ezvinhu akaita yakabuda sezvo migumisiro Kushanduka biosphere paNyika. Uyezve pane ayo kukura. Vose vakapiwa nguva yakakamurwa nemasayendisiti muzvikamu zvitatu. Wokutanga rwakatora makore anenge mabhiriyoni matatu. Yakanga ariko nyore zvipenyu. Mumhepo danho Nzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza wokutanga ine miduku rusununguko okisijeni. Asi panguva imwe chete paiva rakawanda carbon dioxide.

Chechipiri danho rwakatora makore anenge mashanu nemakumi manomwe mamiriyoni. Nokuti iye anotungamirira basa zvipenyu zviri nedanho kukura uye paumbwe nenzvimbo hamvuropu aiita. Panguva iyi, akaunganidza matombo makemikari mavambo, uyewo kushandura anoumba chadenga uye mvura. izvi zvose nokuda photosynthesis kuti zvinomera. Kuguma kuyaruka yaiva nguva nechitarisiko murume Panyika.

Makore makumi mana zviuru akapfuura vakatanga wokupedzisira, yazvino nguva iri kukura munharaunda hamvuropu. Panguva ino, ukama hwomurume uye hunhu yachinja zvikuru Vanhu vakatanga nokushingaira kupesvedzera siyana zvikamu nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza, nekuti pasina izvozvo vakasagona kurarama uye kukura zvakare.

Saka, vanhu vakauya matsva mhando zvemhuka uye zvinomera. It Inoziva dzisina ndima uye displacing dzomusango kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka.

chikuru zvinoriumba

Chii zvivako vanoumba nenzvimbo zvakatipoteredza? Inoitwa zvikurukuru mundima. It inzvimbo pane dzidzo socio-enyika kana kwemadzinza. Nharaunda ine zvinotevera:

1. Geographical nzvimbo. Zvinoratidza remoteness kwenzvimbo kubva neequator uye matanda, ayo pamberi chimwe chitsuwa, kondinendi, etc. Kubva nenzvimbo nzvimbo hunoenderana dzinoverengeka zvinhu ane State (ivhu, okunze, miti nemhuka zvakazonaka, kasvisto, etc.).
2. The pemvura kwakaita nzvimbo yacho. Zvinonzi dzinoratidzwa dhigirii nharaunda ruggedness, kuvapo neeSultan gomo nezvikomo, kuvapo dzakaderera uye mapani, etc.
3. Hunhu ivhu. Vanogona kuva podzolic uye marshy, uye jecha chernozem etc.
4. Ura enyika. Pfungwa iyi zvinosanganisira zviri Geological urongwa kundima, uyewo kuvapo imomo chicherwa upfumi.

Rokuti the okunze wechipiri ndivo nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvinosanganisira:

- unhu uye nhamba yemabhuku rezuva simba awana nzvimbo yakapiwa;

- pamwaka uye zuva tembiricha kuchinja;

- hunhu uye uwandu kunayisa;

- mwando;

- ukuru cloudiness;

- kuvapo muvhu pakati permafrost;

- simba uye mirayiridzo mhepo, etc.

Zvose zvinhu zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza, izvo zviri chikamu okunze pfungwa.

Inotevera chezvinonhuwira ari biosphere Nyika ndiyo mvura. In pfungwa iyi inosanganisira rwizi uye negungwa, makungwa uye marshes, chicherwa zvitubu uye pasi. "Man-hunhu" ezvinhu yakatanga chaizvo zvakasimba. Saka, zvakawanda zvinobatanidzwa yebasa evanhu vane chikuru zvazvinoita hydrographic hwoudzvinyiriri mumakungwa, munyanza uye nzizi, tembiricha dzavo, ano, salinity, etc. zamerzaemost

Chimwe chimiro zvivako izvo nenzvimbo ezvinhu? Ndicho kasvisto uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. Unosanganisira zvose zvipenyu kuti kurarama mumvura, muvhu uye pasi. shiri iyi, mhuka, zvinomera uye tupukanana tusingaoneki.

Pachishandiswa zvataurwa, chii anonzi nenzvimbo zvakatipoteredza? Ichi kutaridza nzvimbo nzvimbo, pemvura mudziyo, zvicherwa, ivhu, mvura, mamiriro okunze, uye kasvisto uye fauna of mune imwe nharaunda Nyika, kwaanogara uye anovandudza chimwe chikamu vanhu.

mhepo mvura nenzvimbo

Pfungwa iyi kwakakosha nzanga. Chimiro charo vakwanise zvikuru kupfuura nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza. Chii chinobatanidzwa mariri? Kune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu - dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa.

Wokutanga izvi - the biosphere. Zviri muupenyu zvose zvipenyu. The biosphere zvinosanganisira kwete chete vamiririri fauna of uye kasvisto, asiwo vose nzvimbo dzavo. Chokwadi, ukama hwomurume uye hunhu zvokuti vanhu vanogara kudzidza uye exchange dzakawanda munharaunda. Nokuti vanhu, zviito izvi chete akanaka. Kukura upfumi, zvakaita data, zvichiguma undoubted kukura kwete chete nezvinhu asiwo tsika vanhu pakunamata. Vanhu havana kukwanisa kuva anonzwisisa, kana asina vakadzidza kusika chinhu chitsva - chinhu kuti haisi munyika.

The Mhando kwezvakatipoteredza rinosanganisira rakagadzirwa nevanhu dzinogarisana. Zviri zvose kwave vakasikwa munhu pachake. Izvi hazvisi chete nyaya dzakasiyana-siyana, asi mumichero nokuda ruminant uye achishandisa domestication zvinomera uye mhuka.

The kukosha akavaka zvakatipoteredza vanhu, zvakawanda zviri kuwedzera ose gore. Zvisinei, simba rinomutsa okukura iri kunetseka. Chokwadi kuti mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza iri kuipa somugumisiro vanhu. Bhuku zvose zvakasikwa murume, nechekare nokure kurema zvipenyu zviri panyika.

Pasinei nokuti nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza akataura yose biosphere kuti runopoteredza evanhu, iri munharaunda yayo pane zvinoriumba murume aitwa muchimiro makambani uye maguta, mikuru, etc. Kwakadaro zvinhu kazhinji vachinzi sezvo hunhu "wechipiri". Zvisinei, shoko rokuti "zvakatipoteredza" iri zvibvumirano dzakawanda ane siyanei zvaanoreva. It hunongotaura yepanyama biosphere.

dzinopesana kudyidzana

mberi Chero zvinogoneka chete somugumisiro kurwisa uye panguva imwecheteyo kubatana pemauto. Munyika mune zvakapesana maviri. Icho hunhu uye vanhu. Mumwe nomumwe mauto maviri aya, anorarama nemitemo yayo. Uye saka hapana zvinoshamisa pakuti munhoroondo yevanhu raro Zvinotambudza zvakasikwa.

Izvi zvakaguma kuvandudzika maturusi, izvo vaenda kubva ibwe matemo lasers. Nature uye murume handishanduki musimboti dzaitsigira pamusoro zhinji zvemakore. Mamwe simbi chikero uye siyana kurwisana.

kubatana

Man uye zvakatipoteredza vaungana mune nedanho kugadzirwa zvinhu. Vanhu kukunda hunhu, asi unogona chete kuita maererano nemitemo yayo. enzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa kuti murume. Pasina pavo Zvinongoreva asingagoni. Uye kune mienzaniso yakawanda. Nature uye murume tiri mumwe. Izvi zvingaitwa sei? Chokwadi chokuti vanhu - kwete kuva pasocial. Ivo Biosocial. tiri muviri wake hunhu, uye munyaya ino, raparadza nomumwe pamusoro zvinokanganisawo utano hwedu.

Heano mamwe mienzaniso. Nature uye Man dyidzana uye kukwikwidzana mumwe achishandisa kugadzirwa uye okugadzira. Zvisinei, chero muitiro ndiyo nzira rakavapa zvinhu zvakasikwa vanhu. Saka, ipapo inofanira kusimbiswa Anobvumirana ukama izvi zvinopesana maviri.

Saka, pfungwa "rwokuzvarwa ezvinhu" uye njodzi vanhu vari titsigire. Ndokusaka kukura vanhu haafaniri kupindira nedanho shanduka mune zvose zviri nenzvimbo zvakatipoteredza. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti zvisikwa rudzi inorganic muviri womunhu. Ndokusaka pakagadzwa kugadzirwa, vanokwanisa kuparadza zvakatipoteredza, saka dzinoparadza.

Kudiwa kwezvinhu pezvakaitwa

vanhu havagoni kusiya upfumi zvisikwa. Izvi ndizvo muviri (simba uye ruzivo) pakati vanhu uye zvisikwa. Izvi zvinoitika sei? Zvakasikwa, mune kukuru nokuderera Zvinonzi chepfu zvakasiyana siyana. Man zvinoomesa zvinogara izvi uye inoita kuti zvakasiyana zvinooneka. Uyezve, vanhu vari kutanga pfuma haawaniki zvakasikwa. Saka, maererano nenhamba, gore rimwe nerimwe, masayendisiti synthesized ne anenge mazana maviri nezviviri tambotarisa yavapo makemikari. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvakadaro, kana zvisiri zvepanyama kutenderera zvinhu, kana kupinda mariri, asi tanetseka chaizvo.

Kuponesa biosphere

State kwezvakatipoteredza, izvo mumakore achangopfuura riri kwezvakatipoteredza nehanya kunogona nani paakasika dongo isina kugadzirwa. Chii chichaitika kupa? Panyaya iyi, kurimwa kutenderera kuchaita kushandiswazve zvinhu yatorwa zvisikwa. Yakatsvuka zvinhu zvinogona kushandiswa simbi chinyorwa uye tsvina bepa, akwegura midziyo rabha, girazi uye epurasitiki. zvakadaro haisi mari-inoshanda chete. Zvinokosha zvikuru zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mubereko yedu.

Zvakasiyana-siyana asiri tsvina Kugadzirwa mabhizimisi vanofanira kubatanidzwa kuti kutambisa mumwe wavo akava yakatsvuka zvinhu mumwe. Zvikasadaro yatinofema mhepo yakasvibiswa uye vanotambura kusava mvura yakachena. Zvose izvi kutungamirira kukudziri- kwezvirwere zvakawanda muvanhu.

geopolitical matambudziko

Nyanzvi dzakawanda vakaona kuti nzvimbo hurumende, kuti mumwe zvinoumba nyika nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza, zvinokosha zvikuru kuti kukura tarisiro munyika. Zvinokanganisawo vakawanda nomutemo (geopolitics) vanhu. Nei izvi? kunogona kuitwa maererano dzakaitika ruzivo, mhedziso kureva kuti munharaunda chero hurumende iri zvine urongwa mokuwana. In mashoko kukosha zviri panzvimbo yokutanga.

Pamwechete nenzvimbo zvakatipoteredza, ndiko kuti, pamwe yenhengo dzayo zvakadai semvura, mhepo, pasi, nezvimwewo, kwakabatana ose anokosha ari evanhu. Hazvina vasingasiyani kubva zvinhu izvi uye ayo zvinangwa zvokunamata. Kunyange kare zhinji dzavanhu dzakawanda nenzvimbo ezvinhu zvinhu vakanga yakavakwa pachinzvimbo chevatatu vanamwari. Uye kusvikira zvino, chitendero anopfuurira basa guru mune zvematongerwo enyika ano. Izvi zvinonyanya kutaurwa Third World ari.

Chikonzero varombo kukura munyika yacho vanhu vemazuva ano vakawanda kutevera tsika yechitendero uye nyika, izvo zviri mazuva akare vachiri vakanga zvinosiyana nzvimbo yomugariro hwaiitwa dzinogarisana. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangura kuderera zvataona mu muEgipita uye Indian dzomunyika. A mugumisiro izvi chinhu backlog kuti mashoko kumatunhu enyika, tsika uye mari.

Ukama International kuwedzera miganhu utongi takatsunga uye kuvapo (kusavapo) kuti zviwanikwa. Saka, Africa ine inokosha kukosha nokuda yose upfumi, uyewo US geopolitical chokuita. The chikuru zviwanikwa nharaunda iyoyo - mafuta. chikamu ichi nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza kunotema zvose zvemukati uye vatorwa mutemo muUnited States.

Zvikuru dzakabudirira makawana refu pamwero unyanzvi uye kwesayenzi mberi. Modern midziyo kunoita kupfuura vakarongeka kushandiswa zviripo zviwanikwa. Izvi akazoita kutsamira wekambani kubva nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza.

Munyika World Third kwouwandu hwevanhu akapfuudza kukura unyanzvi mberi. Ndokusaka upenyu kwenzanga munyika idzi yekudyidzana kunetsekana nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza. Hazvishamisi kuti njodzi munyika dzakadaro vanotakura vakawanda upenyu. Izvi imhaka nekusagona kuti nenguva kufungidzira dzinongoitika dzoga, izvo zvaizotora chiito yokuderedza uwandu vakaurayiwa.

Chinetso nzara

Pari, nyika vaunganidza zvinokosha reserves zvokudya. Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, ikafa nenzara kumativi mamiriyoni makumi mashanu vanhu gore negore. The Mhedziso rwevanhu zvakakwana vanogara munyika muAfrica, Asia uye Latin America. Izvi nyika World Third, vane upfumi vanoonekwa ne remaoko uye chinyakare chinyakare rwokugadzira. Chikonzero ichi rezasi sandara ndiye uzivi vanhu ava vanogara inoti. Vachiri kuvimba nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza uye kwezvose nezviwanikwa zvayo.

Basa zvakasikwa nzanga yevanhu nhasi

Kubva zvose zvataurwa mhedziso inogona akambochera kuti murume uye zvakatipoteredza regai vachitova noukama hwakadaro, sapamazuva yapfuura nguva. Basa biosphere kukura munzanga yakaderera panguva ino pachikuva. Izvi chakaitwa mberi mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu, chimurenga zvinobvira kuvonga.

Asi panguva imwe chete pane ukama enyika, zvoupfumi uye geopolitics venyika pamusoro Kuwanikwa chicherwa mari. Kusavapo izvi zvakakodzera pagadzirwe kwevanhu basa chinoumba mauto kutsvaga kwavari dzimwe nzvimbo, dzimwe nguva kunyange hasha nzira. Kuwedzera inokosha vakawanda nzvimbo mhepo yepamusoro, mvura uye ivhu rakaorera. Izvi zvinhu zvinoratidza kuti basa nenzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza kukura vanhu yasara chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha. Uye vasiri kuziva chokwadi ichi kunogona kuva chikonzero ichi zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza njodzi.

Geographical zvakatipoteredza uye utano hwevanhu

Mamiriro miviri yedu yekudyidzana kukanganiswa nemvura uye zvokudya. zvinoriumba izvi akasiyana unhu zvichienderana nzvimbo yavo. Izvi imhaka kuvapo kana kusavapo maari zvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana. Food uye mvura chenhando kukonzera zvimwe zvirwere, izvo kuitika mune dzaari. Somuenzaniso, vanhu vaigara kuBaltic States, Finland, Germany, uyewo kumusoro-vokumadokero kumatunhu Russia, anorasikirwa makemikari Kufananidzira, kufanana selenium. Izvi zvinokonzera kuparara pomwoyo uye panowanikwa myocardial infarction.

Munhu wose anoziva nomugumisiro wakasimba kuti pane vanhu hunhu muCrimea. Izvi imhaka kwete chete kune akanaka ezvinhu, kutsutsumwa yegungwa uye mhepo ionization. Chokwadi ndechokuti nevhu vazhinji Crimean kweItari lithium. chaikosha Izvi kwaibatsira pamusoro huta dzevanhu hurongwa, achibvisa mupfungwa mutoro.

Vanhu vaigara munzvimbo nevhu vane zvakawandisa cadmium, kazhinji kutambura renal chirwere. Ivo kwakaderedza uwandu mapuroteni mumuviri, zvakawanda zvinozivikanwa malignancies.

Kana muviri kune rakawedzera zviri cadmium uye kutungamirira, chokwadi ichi zvinopupurira chepfu wouropi. Masayendisiti akawana kuti munzvimbo nevhu varombo cobalt, kunaka pezvakaitwa kuitika mumuviri mhuka dzose. Mhou anorasikirwa chinhu, uremu. Voparadzwa degreased shinda uye mukaka.

Kana pane Nzvimbo hwaiitwa ayodhini kushaikwa, mumwe zvirwere rakajairika evanhu kuva endemic goiter. zvokurwara Izviwo, kunova kukonzera zvinetso uye hormone mashandiro ari thyroid shwanu. The inonyanya chirimwa muna North America neCentral Asia, Belarusian AZHUTHA uye Holland. zvirwere mazino zvakadai anozivikanwa caries uye fluorosis, ave chikonzero pfupa kutsemuka. Wokutanga wavo rinowanika pana nokushayiwa zvokudya uye mvura fluorine uye mumwe - ane nekumwisa maatomu akafanana izvi.

With rakawedzera zviri nickel muvhu (Yuzhnyy Ural, Kazakhstan nevamwe.) Munhu ane epithelial vasafara uye kukuvadza ziso cornea. Kushaikwa molybdenum (Florida, New Zealand, Australia) chinoita vachivavhiringidza kuti senitrogen muviri.

A inokanganisa utano hwevanhu ndiyo pakusvibiswa Nzvimbo kwezvakatipoteredza dzokugara. Chepfu edu Muviri carbon monoxide gasi inoumbwa kukwana combustion yemafuta uye marasha. "Bhizimisi" ayo makuru painocheneserwa mafuta uye simbi zvigayo, uyewo chokufambisa. Man anotambura rinorema nesimbi vaunganidza mumigwagwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira vatungamirire, izvo zvinopa Chizenga usage, pfungwa uye neitsvo. Nickel cadmium uye zvinobatsira kuti chidzoke kenza.