Periodization Vygotsky: muduku, kuyaruka, vakwegura. unhu zera

Periodization pakati Vygotsky, yakakurumbira kwepfungwa ari mangwanani remakore rechi20, harisati kurasa kushanda kwayo. Yakanga hwaro zvinoverengeka tsvakurudzo ano. Periodization Vygotsky inotibatsira kuziva kuti sei kuchinja munhu unhu paunenge mberi kuburikidza siyana nzendo upenyu hwavo.

Academic kunyanya kutorwa pauduku. Hazvishamisi, nokuti panguva ino nheyo unhu, uchisangana kuchinja dzinokosha kuti chokuita kwoupenyu hwake. Vygotsky periodization kunotibatsira kunzwisisa chii Kuchinja kutarisira mune munhu mwana akapiwa zera. Research masayendisiti anogona kubatsira zvikuru vabereki, vasinganzwisisi zviri kuitika kuvana vavo.

Zvepfungwa, kudzidza kwauchaita okukura ari mwana, anopa rondedzero dzakasiyana zera nguva. It unoshanda nounhu hwakadai so "muduku" uye "zera". nguva Age (zera) mwana kukura kutenderera, iro rine simba rayo uye chimiro.

Conditionality zera nguva

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mupfungwa nemakore wacho mwana uye karenda zera, kutanga kunyorwa gwaro yaakaberekerwa, uye akazoroorwa, havasi -enderana. Unofanirawo kutaura kuti ose nguva ine yayo zvechadenga hwomwana unhu uye pfungwa mashandiro, ukama nevamwe. Uyezve, ane chaizvo miganhu, izvo Zvisinei, zvinogona haachatauri. Zvakaratidza kuti mwana mumwe asati kupinda imwe zera nguva, uye mamwe - gare gare. Miganhu pakuyaruka, iro chokuita pakuyaruka, "ichiyangarara" akasimba zvikuru.

udiki

Childhood zvinosanganisira zvose kwokutanga zera nguva. Chiri ichikosha, ndizvo chaizvoizvo kwegadziriro mwana kuzvidzora basa, kubudikidza pakutanga upenyu vakura. Specificity of zvaisanganisira zera nguva pakutsvaga pamwero yetsika uye socio-zvoupfumi ari muvanhu, kuti mwana ndokwaJehovha, apo akadzidzisa uye vakadzidza.

Kana nguva yedu anouya kupera youduku? In zvepfungwa, zviri dzinozivikanwa nguva kubva pakuzvarwa kusvikira makore 7. Zvisinei, mazuva ouduku Chokwadi, anoramba pashure mwana anopinda chikoro. Chokwadi, muduku mudzidzi achiri mwana. Vamwe vanachiremba, nenzira, runoonekwa sechinhu "uduku mazhinji" uye kuyaruka. Chero mafungiro tinogona vakatsaurwa, zvinofanira kudonongodzwa kuti akura chaiye vachitarisira mwana chete mumakore 15-17.

L. S. Vygotsky pamusoro pokumuka

Age kukura womunhu - yakaoma kwacho. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya vana pakukura. On nerimwe rematanho siyana zera munhu. Kukura zvichienderana L. S. Vygotskomu (mufananidzo pamusoro kunoratidza izvozvo) - iri, kupfuura zvose, zviri kubuda zvitsva. Saka, dariro kukura, maererano kwepfungwa iyi, inozivikanwa neoplasms vamwe zera, i.e. zvakadai ehupfumi kana unhu, waiva kare muna rakapera chimiro. Zvisinei, sezvo Vygotsky akanyora itsva "harwuwire kudenga." It kunoitika kwoga. The yose nzira yapfuura pakukura kugadzirira nayo.

The Social zvakatipoteredza itsime kukura. danho rimwe nerimwe kukura kuchinja vana nzira kwezvakatipoteredza unochinja mwana. Zvinova yakasiyana chaizvo apo anotama rimwe zera boka kune rimwe. L. S. Vygotsky akataura "evanhu ezvinhu okukura." Pasi pfungwa iyi, musayendisiti vakaziva wakananga imwe zera ukama pakati murume nemagariro ezvinhu. Mwana interacts pamwe evanhu kwezvakatipoteredza, iyo inodzidzisa uye anomutsa nayo. kudyidzana ichi anosarudza nzira kukura, zvichiita kuti chidzoke wezera-ukama neoplasms.

Experience uye mabasa

In vana chii munzira kushamwaridzana zvakatipoteredza? Experience uye basa - zviumbu zviviri kuongorora vanonzi evanhu ezvinhu okukura, izvo dzinounzwa L. S. Vygotsky. Mabasa mwana, basa rayo zvekunze zviri nyore kuchengetwa. Zvisinei, pane zvakaitika uye plan, kuti chinhu zano dzakawanda. vana siyana nenzira dzakasiyana vari kuona chete mamiriro ezvinhu mumhuri dzavo. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyange vaviri, kuti, vana vezera. Somugumisiro, Somuenzaniso, kurwisana pakati vabereki zvakaneta kukanganisa kukura mwana, asi chikonzero neurosis uye zvarakasiya dzakasiyana nevamwe. Uyezve, kutamira kubva mumwe zera, mwana chete nenzira itsva nzira chinoenda kuburikidza imwe mhuri mamiriro ezvinhu.

Vygotsky pamusoro nzira pakukura

Vygotsky akataura zvinotevera nzira mbiri okukura. Mumwe wavo - vachishoropodza. Pakarepo anooneka uye anobuda nokukurumidza. Nzira yechipiri okukura - calm (lytic). chaizvoizvo, pane imwe zera, izvozvo kunoratidzwa kukura lytic, kureva, anononoka chokubuda. Nokufamba kwenguva, kazhinji rokufukidza makore akawanda, munguva dzino hakuna kuchinja inopinza dzinokosha, uye inochinja. Uye avo anogona kuitwa, kwete kuvakazve rose munhu. Chete somugumisiro refu aibuda akavanzika kwacho oneka kuchinja.

lytic nguva

Pemakore nekaupenyu kugadzikana Kuvaka kunyanya kukonzerwa nokuchinja duku unhu. Kuunganidza kune mumwe muganhu, ipapo dzinowanikwa discontinuously ari muchimiro neoplasm zera. Most wake muduku akanga vakabatikana nguva dzakadaro. Sezvo pakukura zvichiitika mukati kwavari saka kutaura, kubudikidza pachivande, mu kuchinja unhu kuonekwa zvakajeka kana kuenzanisa kuti pakutanga uye kuguma imwe nguva. Akatsiga mazera masayendisiti akadzidza nani zvikuru pane dzinoratidzwa nematambudziko - rumwe rudzi kukura.

nematambudziko

Dzawanikwa empirically uye ichiri kunyorwa munyika. Kubva kunze kwekutevera dzinoratidzwa chitarisiko features, pakatarisana kugadzikana kana rakadzikama mazera. Over pfupi nguva idzi dzichiitika guru uye chimbichimbi panofamba uye kuchinja, zvinetso uye kuchinja unhu. Munguva pfupi mwana anochinja rose, kwayo chikuru zvinoitwa unhu. Panguva ino, pave anotora nokukurumidza, dutu, dzimwe nguva nemafashamo. Ichi dzinonakidza chinhu ndiye periodization okukura kwevanhu.

Vygotsky akacherechedza zviitiko zvakanaka, ine yakaoma. Uku kune zvitsva siyana maitiro. Masayendisiti akaratidza zvinotevera nguva dzinonetsa muuduku: neonatal nguva, rimwe gore, makore matatu, makore matanhatu kana manomwe, kuyaruka.

Age periodization Vygotsky

Chokutanga, pane achangoberekwa dambudziko, uchiteverwa muduku zera (kubva mwedzi miviri kuti gore). Panguva ino pane kupokana pakati shoma uye kunonyanyisa mukana kutaura mwana nemagariro.

Age periodization Vygotsky kuramba dambudziko 1 gore. Izvi zvinoteverwa muduku (kubva matatu). Panguva ino, basa kuitwa kakomana kana musikana inyaya-pfuti, ari "chakakomba mutambo". Mwana akazviratidza kutaura, kufamba, kushandisa dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri.

Izvi zvinoteverwa dambudziko 3 years, pashure zvadonherwa kuenda kukireshi zera (matatu namanomwe). Munguva iyi, pane tsika kuparadzana mukuru (nekodzero dzevanhu), uyewo simba kwake, kwete kuvhiringidzika nemaitiro. Anozviratidza "ndimene". 3 Makore Dambudziko ane yakanaka ukoshi, iyo inotaurwa kuti kune zvitsva unhu. Masayendisiti akawana kuti kana, nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, dambudziko iri kunoitika zvachose, sluggishly, mune unozotevera zera mukomana muduku kana musikana kuratidza kuchikosha kunonoka kukura nesarudzo uye kuvhiringidzika zvinoumba unhu.

Izvi zvinoteverwa dambudziko 7 Makore, pashure panobva itsva munguva - zera chikoro (kubvira 8 kusvika 12 years). Sevana panguva yakati nguva yakarasika. Izvi zvinoitika sezvo pamusana Kusiyanisa womukati dzokunze upenyu. Pane pfungwa pfungwa zvavo, mwana zvakaitika kuva nechinangwa. Uyezve, pane nokuzviremekedza. Maererano dambudziko makore 7, vaongorori vakaona kuti iyi pane zvinokosha kubudirira changed ukama hwomwana kune vamwe vana, ari kuwedzera ayo rusununguko.

Pazera makore 13 akatevera dambudziko. Izvi zvinoteverwa pakuyaruka (14 kusvika 18). Panguva ino pane kunzwa okuyaruka. Mwana anotanga kunzwa rake ani, ake asanyanya hwapedyo. The kuchengetwa kuderera negoho basa mupfungwa nemhaka maonero marongero kuchinja kuti yaanobhadhara. Temporary kuderera mukuita pamwe neboka yezwi yakakwirira chimiro chomunhu rezvedzidzo basa.

Vygotsky akati kuti jaya - ndiro zera kubva 18 kusvika 25 makore. Maererano nemitemo anokosha uye mukuru zvichireva ndiro nguva yokutanga pakati mazera vakura. L. S. Vygotsky akapa hwakadzama periodization chete pauduku, asi mune kuchinja yemberi yevanhu unhu. Vanachiremba, nezvidzidzo, kuziva zvinotevera nguva.

youth

Masayendisiti Young kazhinji se pakati pemakore 19 kusvika 30 makore. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti nemakore muganhu pane zvinodiwa chaizvo. The chikuru basa iyi ndiyo hwepedyo kubatana nhengo vasikana. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti jaya - inguva kuva netariro. Panguva ino, munhu azere simba uye simba, chido dzika zvinangwa. Youth ndiyo yakanakisisa nguva yokuti kuzvidzora Kuziva.

okugadzira zvinhu dambudziko

okugadzira zvinhu dambudziko ndepana inowanikwa pakati vaduku uye pakati zera (avhareji yezera - kubva 30 kusvika 45 years). Chikonzero ndechokuti kuwedzera unyanzvi, izvo pamwe kuwedzera purogiramu. Professional uye upenyu hwemhuri vari nani. Pane kunzwisisa kuti munhu anokwanisa kupfuura. Rakanga panguva ino, vanhu kazhinji vachinje basa ravo, vakarambana.

Avhareji yezera pamusoro dambudziko iri nguva

Avhareji yezera - nayo kunopindawo ndokunge zera. Hazvibviri zvakarurama asarudze kumuganhu wayo, asi vari kazhinji kuisa mu kuwanda 30 kusvika 45 makore. Munguva iyi pane mukuru kunyatsoshanda. Kuwana ruzivo, munhu anova munhu akanaka mhuri uye nyanzvi. Akatanga achifunga nezvazvo zvinosara pashure porufu rwake. Pakazopera Danho iyi upenyu kunouya mumwe midlife dambudziko. Chikonzero chiri kuti zviri pamusoro, uye anonzwisisa kuti zvakakosha kutsvaka dzimwe nzira kuti vabudirire pazvinangwa dzokutambura kana adzokorore yekare zvinangwa. Panguva dambudziko iri actualized matambudziko tsika (voga, rufu, kurasikirwa zvinoreva), pane matambudziko chaiwo (maladjustment, kungozviita zindoga, munhu wakakwana kuchinja tsika).

shwiro

kukura nguva rinorondedzerwa so zera pakati 45 uye 60 makore, kunyange zvazvo nemiganhu yayo zvakare Mobile chaizvo. The chikuru basa iyi iri yokusika, kuzvicheka-Kuziva. Kubudirira munzanga, unyanzvi kwounyanzvi uye ruzivo akapfuura. Man rethinking zvinangwa zvavo. Iye chinozadzwa kuparadza rusina tariro uye neunyengedzi ouduku.

akapedzisa dambudziko

Nguva kukura inotevera dambudziko debriefing. Chikonzero nokuti - kuderera mune munzanga, uyewo nokurasikirwa mutinhimira upenyu, kunze kwemakumi emakore. Dzimwe nguva, izvi zvose zvinotungamirira unopinza kuparara mupfungwa nomumuviri ezvinhu.

kukwegura

Old zera - zera mumakore 60 kana kupfuura. The mupfungwa mamiriro munhu panguva ino kunoratidzwa kufungisisa, runyararo, zvinokosha asthenia, akachenjera, avhenekerwa, asingatani ndangariro. An murume wechikuru uye mukadzi kubudisa hanya, asi vakanyarara chinzvimbo pachinhu vazukuru nevazukuru zvikuru.

Erikson aidavira kuti danho iri kunoratidzwa asiri mutsva dambudziko, uye kusangana, summation uye kuyera dzokutambura zvose zvokukura kukura. Pakukwegura kazhinji anouya norugare kuti anowana kubva kukwanisa tarisa uye vachiti, upenyu vaigara nokuzvininipisa asi zvakasimba: ". Ndinogutsikana" Avo aigona kudaro pasina kutya pekusadziviririka rufu, sezvo vaona kuenderera vamene kana zvavo vaita okusika, kana vazukuru. Asi vamwe vanhu vanotaura kuti upenyu hwake kare sezvo dzakatevedzana zvikanganiso uye hadzisi kuzadzika zvinogona. Vanonzwisisa kuti kutanga zvakare yapera.

Zvinofanira akati kuti maitiro mazera akauya pamusoro anoratidza chete zvayo zvinoitwa unhu kukura. Mumwe nomumwe wedu akasiyana nevamwe. vanhu vakasiyana vane kukura kuitika nenzira dzakasiyana. Saka hazvibviri kumisa chaiyo miganhu rakapihwa kumwedzi. Vanachiremba, Chokwadi, ngaafunge izvi apo achitaura mafungiro aya sezvo zera stratification pamusoro.