Dunhu Oscillating - uyu ... The musimboti oparesheni

Oscillating redunhu - zano nokuti generating (kusika) kuti remagetsi oscillations. Kubva inception raro nanhasi rinoshandiswa munzvimbo dzakawanda mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira kubvira upenyu hwezuva nezuva kusvikira makuru mafekitari anogadzira zvakasiyana chaizvo.

Of kunoti umbwa?

The oscillation redunhu rinosanganisira coils uye capacitor. Uyezve, pane zvinogona kuvapo resistor (shanduka nemishonga eremendi). An inductor (kana solenoid, sezvazvakanyorwa dzimwe nguva inonzi) ndiyo tsvimbo pairi windings vari muchikuvadza akaturikidzana akawanda, izvo kazhinji ane waya mhangura. Hazvina chaikosha ichi zvinoitawo oscillations ari oscillatory redunhu. A bhaa, iri pakati, kazhinji unonzi kachidza, kana moyo, uye coils unowanzonzi mumwe solenoid.

oscillating redunhu coils pave oscillations chete kana Tuvana mutariri. Kana kupfuura ari kuitika kuburikidza payo rinoungana mhosva iyo anopa redunhu kana voltage anodonhedza.

coils waya kazhinji vane yakaderera zvikuru nemishonga, iro nguva dzose inoramba dzose. The oscillation redunhu redunhu rinowanzoberekera kuchinja voltage uye amperage. kuchinja Izvi pasi dzimwe mitemo kwemasvomhu:

• U = U ₀ * Kosi (w * (tt _0), apo
  U - voltage panguva t,
  U ₀ - voltage panguva t _0,
  W - maitikiro remagetsi oscillations.

Chimwe chikamu rinokosha redunhu chiri zvemagetsi capacitor. chaikosha ichi ine ndiro vaviri vanoparadzaniswa ne dielectric. Pakukora zvakaturikidzaniswa pakati electrodes idukusa pakukura kwavo. zvakagadzirwa Izvi zvinobvumira kuunganidza pamusoro-insulator emagetsi mutariri, izvo unogona shoko mudunhu.

Kusiyana capacitor bhatiri ndechokuti hapana kutendeutsa zvinhu nokuda Magetsi, uye pane wakananga kuunganidza vachengetwe wemagetsi mumunda. Saka, nomukombiyuta capacitor zvinogona yakakura zvakakwana kuunganidza mhosva, iro rinogona kupiwa zvose kamwechete. Panyaya iyi, magetsi ari mudunhu iri zvikurusa.

Uyewo, iyo oscillation redunhu rinoumbwa rimwezve chaikosha: a resistor. chaikosha ichi ane nemishonga uye kudzora magetsi uye voltage mudunhu. Kana pane kugara voltage kuwedzera kurwisa zviri resistor, magetsi uye kuderera nomurayiro Ohm kuti:

• I = U / R, apo
  I - uno,
  U - voltage,
  R - nemishonga.

inductor

Ngatitorei kunyatsoongorora zvose zviri inductor uye nani achanzwisisa basa yaro resonant remudunhu. Sezvatakamboreva, ari kurwisa kuti chinhu ichi uderedze razero. Saka, kana zvakabatana kuti DC dunhu kwaizoitika pfupi-circuiting. Zvisinei, kana coils kwakabatana kuna AC dunhu, hunoshanda nomazvo. Izvi zvinotungamirira pakugumisa kuti chinhu ane kuramba rakatumbuka iyezvino.

Asi nei izvi zvichiitika uye sei nemishonga kunoitika apo imwe rakatumbuka iyezvino? Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu tinofanira kuenda Chiitiko yokuzvidzora inductance. Nokufamba pakati coils kuitika mairi ndipo ane electromotive simba (EMF), iyo pave chipingamupinyi kuchinja ano. Kwakakura simba ichi kunobva zviviri on: yacho coils kuitika uye rinobva noruremekedzo kuti nguva. Mathematically, kutsamira kunoratidzwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:

• E = -L * I '(T), apo
  E - EMF,
  L - inductance kukosha coils (rimwe coils vakasiyana uye kunoenderana nhamba windings pakati Coils vavo ukobvu)
  I '(T) - nguva rinobva of kuitika (ano chinja zvazvingava).

DC Power pamusoro nguva hakuna kushanduka, saka kurwisa kwayo kana pachena kuti simuka.

Asi panguva AC parameters ayo zvose zviri dzichichinja mune sinusoidal kana cosine mutemo, zvichikonzera electromotive simba, iyo kunodzivisa kuchinja izvi. Kuramba kwakadaro inonzi induction nokuenzanisa ne nzira:

• X _L = W * _L, apo
  W - kakawanda oscillation redunhu,
  L - inductance of coils.

The kuchinyanya kuitika mune solenoid linearly zvinowedzera uye zvinoderedza maererano nemitemo yakasiyana. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana iwe kumisa chekubuda kuitika munyika coils, icharamba kwenguva yakati kupa mhosva mudunhu. Uye kana iri payakakurudzirwa zvinodzongonyedza aibuda ano, achaiswa akapfurwa kubva chokwadi kuti mhosva anoedza kubuda uye vakagovera coils ikoko. Ichi - dambudziko chakakura maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Chaizvoizvo izvi (kunyange zvachose chokuita oscillation redunhu) inogona kuchengetwa Somuenzaniso, apo yamunobvisira chivhariso kubva panosangana. Panyaya iyi skips chinopa kuti pamwero kwakadaro kunogona kuwuraya munhu. Zviri nokuti kuti simba remagineti asingadi kutsakatika pakarepo, asi zvishoma nezvishoma akaparadza, kufurira dzenzvimbo dzimwe conductors. In muindasitiri pamwero simba Kuyerera kakawanda kupfuura yedu yenguva dzose 220 volts, saka chidzivaidzo pakuburitswa cheni kungaita Rinokonzera simba zvokuti achaita zvakawanda zvakaipa zvose kudyara uye munhu.

Coil - ndiyo nheyo kuti iro oscillation redunhu iri. Inductor zvaisanganisira solenoids sequentially vakawedzera. Next, isu kunyatsotarisisa zvachose nezvokuzadziswa sechivako kuti maatomu akafanana.

Chii inductance?

Inductance coils oscillating vematunhu - ndiyo Munhu parameter kuti dziwande akaenzana electromotive simba (mu volts), iro rinowanikwa mune rimwe dunhu apo kuitika kusiyana 1 A nokuda 1 yechipiri. Kana solenoid zvakabatana munhu DC dunhu, ayo inductance rinotsanangura simba ane remagineti, izvo zvakasikwa uno ino fomura:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2, apo
  W - remagineti simba.

inductance coefficient pakuti zvinhu zvizhinji kwazvo; geometry pamusoro solenoid, kuti rinobva zvechadenga chinoumba uye uwandu Coils of waya. Chimwe chinhu chinoratidza chakarurama ichi ndechokuti nguva dzose zvakanaka, nokuti variables pamusoro iyo kunobva, haagoni kuva asina kunaka.

The inductance zvinogonawo sokuva pfuma nemunhu ane kuitika chitoro simba mune remagineti. It unotaurwa Henry (mazita American musayendisiti Dzhozefa Genri).

Uyezve solenoid oscillation redunhu rine capacitor, iyo dzichakurukurwa hereinafter.

Electric capacitor

Capacitance iri pakutsvaga oscillator redunhu capacitance magetsi capacitor. Chitarisiko Its zvichinzi pamusoro. Zvino Ngationgororei wefizikisi pamusoro pezvakaitwa zvinoitika mariri.

Sezvo capacitor ndiro wakaumbwa nemunhu, zvino rinogona kuyerera Magetsi. Zvisinei, pakati mahwendefa maviri chipingamupinyi. Insulator (vanogona kuva mhepo, matanda kana zvimwe zvinhu pamwe kumusoro kurwisa Nokuda chokwadi kuti aitarisira haagoni kufamba kubva kumugumo mumwe waya kune vamwe, pane kuwanda nahwo capacitor ndiro saka anowedzera simba rinonzi magnetic uye Magetsi. muminda yakapoteredza. Saka, panguva kugumiswa vebasa anobuda magetsi zvose vaunganidza Panhivi, anotanga kutapukira redunhu.

Mumwe capacitor ane yavose sezvavakatarirwa voltage, Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ayo huchishanda. Kana iwe refu kushandisa chinhu pane imwe voltage kupfuura chezita, oupenyu ipfupi kwazvo. The capacitor of oscillatory redunhu kunoramba kukanganiswa dzenzvimbo uye saka kana akasarudzwa vanofanira kungwarira zvikuru.

Kuwedzera kwakajairika capacitors, dzakanga kukurukurwa, panewo yemagetsi kaviri rukoko capacitors. Uyu zvikuru kunzwisisa Kufananidzira: inogona kurondedzerwa se pamuchinjikwa pakati bhatiri uye capacitor. Kazhinji, asi dielectric mu yemagetsi kaviri rukoko capacitors vari Organic zvinhu, pakati inova electrolyte. Pamwe chete ivo kusika wemagetsi rukoko kaviri, izvo zvinoita kuti kuunganidza mu zvakagadzirwa ichi nguva yakawanda simba kupfuura kwakajairika capacitor.

Chii kukwanisa ane capacitor?

Capacitance of capacitor ndiyo nhamba yacho capacitor mutariri kuti voltage panguva iyo riri. Change kukosha ichi kunogona nyore chaizvo nokubatsira munhu akarongeka inonyatsoita:

• C = (e ₀ * S) / D, apo
  E ₀ - dielectric kuramba of dielectric zvinhu (tabular ukoshi)
  S - nharaunda yacho capacitor mahwendefa,
  D - kure pakati kwamahwendefa.

The kutsamira pamusoro capacitance ari capacitor pamusoro chinhambwe pakati electrodes rinotsanagurwa Chiitiko pakati electrostatic induction idukusa kure pakati mahwendefa, havazombonyanyi chokuita mumwe (coulomb), chikuru vebasa electrodes uye kunetseka. Zvino voltage kukosha vachikwanisa inowedzera, sezvo rinogonawo inotsanangurwa mutoo:

• C = Q / U, apo
  Q - mhosva iri coulombs.

Zviri kutaura pamusoro vamapoka nokuyerwa ichi uwandu. Capacitance unotaurwa farads. 1 farad - ukoshi zvakakwana guru, saka huripo capacitors (kwete supercapacitors) vane capacitance akayera mune picofarads (imwe trillionth farad).

resistor

The kuitika mune resonant wedunhu inobvawo pamusoro kurwisa zviri mudunhu. Uye kunze vaviri zvinorondedzerwa zvinhu izvo Vanoumba oscillating vematunhu (coils, capacitor), pane wechitatu - munhu resistor. Ndiye anokonzera asika zvuva. Resistor yakasiyana nedzimwe zvinhu pakuti ane mukuru nemishonga, izvo zvinogona zvakasiyana mune dzimwe yokutevedzera. The resonant wedunhu nayo anoita simba kudzora kushanda remagineti. Zvinokwanisika kubatanidza resistors vanoverengeka munhevedzano kana zvakafanana, nokudaro kuwedzera kurwisa kwemutariri.

The nemishonga kuti maatomu akafanana izvi inobvawo pane tembiricha, saka hanya zvinofanira kuti basa raro mudunhu, sezvo neshungu panguva kwemutemo ano.

The nemishonga unotaurwa ohms, uye kukosha kwayo kunogona rinowanikwa nokushandisa nzira:

• R = (p * l) / S, apo
  peji - zvinhu resistivity resistor (akayera mu (Ohm * mm ²⁾ / m);
  k - pakureba resistors (mu mamita);
  S - sectional nharaunda (mu pachivara millimeters).

How kusungirira munhu loop parameters?

Zvino tauya pedyo wefizikisi kushanda ari oscillatory redunhu. Over nguva basa iri capacitor ndiro Kuchinja maererano wechipiri-hurongwa differential mukana wokuti vanhu vanga.

Kana kugadzirisa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi, inoreva zvimwe zvinofadza Masvomhu achirondedzera kwemasayendisiti kuti kuitika mudunhu. Somuenzaniso, imwe cyclic maitikiro kungaratidzwa maererano capacitance uye inductance.

Zvisinei, chinonyanya nyore payakavakirwa kuti unobvumira kuverenga zvakawanda unknowns - Thomson mukana wokuti vanhu vanga (mazita British yefizikisi William Thomson, wakakubudisa naye muna 1853):

• T = 2 * add * (L * C) ^1/2.
  T - pakati remagetsi oscillations,
  L uye C - Saka inductance ari oscillating redunhu coils uye capacitance redunhu Kufananidzira,
  N - nhamba Pi.

yepamusoro chikonzero

Pane imwe inokosha kwazvo zvinoratidza gandiwa kwebasa - unhu chinhu. Kuti tinzwisise chii, unofanira kureva izvi somunhu resonance. Fani iyi, apo amplitude anova kunonyanyisa simba pane kugara ukoshi, inova famba rutsigiro. Resonance anogona kutsanangura ane muenzaniso nyore: Kana ukatanga kuvaparadzanisa famba kusvika urove pamusoro kakawanda kwavo, vachava nokukurumidza, uye avo "amplitude" kuchawedzera. Asi kana musingadi kuvaparadzanisa urove, vachagara kumboderera. At resonance, kazhinji dissipates yakawanda simba. Kuti mukwanise ngaaverenge kukosha kurasikirwa, isu tega mumwe parameter akadai unhu chinhu. Zviri coefficient akaenzana nhamba simba, riri munyika, kuti nazvo kuitika panguva imwe kutenderera mudunhu.

redunhu yepamusoro chikonzero rinowanikwa maererano fomura:

• Q = (w ₀ * W) / P, apo
  W ₀ - resonance chisina kutsetseka kakawanda oscillations;
  W - simba anochengeterwa vibrating mugadziriro;
  P - simba nounzenza.

parameter ichi - dimensionless kubva chaizvoizvo inoratidza simba reshiyo: inochengeterwa apedza.

Ndechipi yakanaka oscillating vematunhu

Nokuti kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti ari hurongwa wefizikisi nani akauya pamwe anonzi akakodzera oscillating vematunhu. Uyu kwemasvomhu muenzaniso rinomirira dunhu sezvo hurongwa pamwe razero nemishonga. Mariri pane undamped harmonic oscillations. muenzaniso Izvi zvinobvumira kuwana anofungidzirwa payakavakirwa kukarukureta redunhu parameters. Rimwe parameters izvi - yose simba:

• W = (L * I ²⁾ / 2.

anoitwa kwakadaro mhanyisa zvikuru Masvomhu uye kubvumira kuongorora dunhu unhu pamwe preset maitiro.

Ungazviita sei?

All oscillating redunhu uchishandisa kutenderera inogona muzvikamu zviviri. Zvino tichaona chaizvo kwemasayendisiti kuitika chikamu ose.

• Wokutanga danho ndiro capacitor, mhosva chokwadi, anotanga kuti tiite, paaipa kuitika mudunhu. Panguva iyi, magetsi anoenda kubva zvakanaka kune zvakaipa vatariri, apo nomunyika coils. Somugumisiro, remagetsi vibrations kuitika mudunhu. Current nomunyika coils, chinoita kuti ndiro yechipiri uye mirairo nayo chokwadi (nepo electrode wokutanga, izvo zviri kuitika zviri akafamba, isakarurama mhosva).
• Chechipiri danho inoitika zvakananga pakatarisana muitiro. The kuitika inopfuura kubva zvakanaka ndiro (izvo pakutanga rakanga kunaka) kuti kunaka, achipfuura zvakare kuburikidza coils. Uye vose mhosva achawira munzvimbo.

The kutenderera inodzokororwa sokuvapo capacitor akapiwa. Munzvimbo resonant remudunhu yakanaka iyi magumo, uye chaicho simba kurasikirwa hakudzivisiki nokuda siyana zvinhu zvinoti: kudziyisa kuti kunoitika nokuda kuvapo kurwisa mudunhu (gst boces kupisa), uye zvakafanana.

Embodiments redunhu patani

Kuwedzera nyore mumatunhu "ari coils-capacitor" uye "Coil-resistor-capacitor", pane dzimwe nzira, vachishandisa sezvikonzero oscillation redunhu. Izvi Somuenzaniso, yakafanana dunhu iyo inozivikanwa munyika kuti pane chinhu redunhu (nokuti sezvazvakanyorwa iripo chete, kwaizova dzakatevedzana redunhu uye yaiva zvakurukurwa munyaya).

Panewo dzimwe mhando kuvakwa, kusanganisira siyana magetsi zvinoriumba. Somuenzaniso, zvinokwanisika kuti kubatanidza kune zvakarukwa transistor iyo achavhura uye kuvhara redunhu ane kakawanda akaenzana oscillation kakawanda redunhu. Saka, mamiriro ezvinhu uye dzishandise undamped oscillations.

Apo oscillation redunhu inoshandiswa?

Zvikuru zvaizivikanwa kwatiri kushandisa zvinoumba redunhu - nayo electromagnets. Ivowo, zvinoshandiswa paintercom gadziriro, Motors, sensors, uye shoma kwakajairika dzakawanda dzimwe nzvimbo. Chimwe Chikumbiro - oscillator. Kutaura zvazviri, ndiye kushandiswa mudunhu iri zvaizivikanwa chaizvo kwatiri: chimiro ichi, rinoshandiswa mune microwave kuumba mafungu foni uye kukurukurirana pasina tambo wokushandura mashoko pamusoro kure. Zvose izvi nokuti kuti oscillations ari remagetsi nemafungu inogona encoded nenzira kuti zvichava zvinobvira nekufambisa mashoko pamusoro madaro marefu.

Inductor pachayo anogona kushandiswa chinhu nokuda transformer, Coils miviri yakasiyana nenhamba windings anogona napakati remagetsi munda wavo mutariri. Asi sezvo solenoids unhu akasiyana, uye kuitika manhamba mumatunhu maviri, izvo chokuita zviviri inductance achasiyana. Saka, munhu anogona exchange voltage kuti ano, uti 220 volts mune ano ane voltage 12 volts.

mhedziso

We detailed nheyo oscillating redunhu uye chikamu chimwe nechimwe pacho choga. Takadzidza kuti oscillating redunhu - zano zvakagadzirirwa kuti vaunze remagetsi mafungu. Zvisinei, ichi ndicho chete zvinokosha zvakaoma hurongwa ava, vaiita nyore zvinhu. Dzidza zvakawanda pamusoro nezvehukorokodzwa redunhu uye yenhengo dzayo zvinogona kubva unyanzvi mabhuku.