Midbrain: nerevane nechivako. Mashandiro ari midbrain uye cerebellum

Mukuita kwokudzidza sei uropi chakachinja mukufamba shanduka, kwaiva kutanga pfungwa pamusoro kuvapo kwayo matatu siyana. Wokutanga izvi (chemhando) ndiyo Anterior. Rinosanganisira basal basal ganglia, chepfungwa cortex, diencephalic Front olfactory uropi. Middle Department rinoreva avhareji padanho. A ndohwaJehovha rezasi veshure dhipatimendi chine medulla oblongata, cerebellum uye pons.

Paavhareji uropi kushanda uye maumbirwo zvatichatarisa muudzame, yakatanga kunyanya pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu kutarisana Kanotokonya mukufamba phylogeny. Naizvozvo, chinonyanya kukosha kwayo inotungamirwa vari innervation ziso.

Rinotaurawo akaumba vachinzwa nzvimbo mune ramangwana, pamwechete Centers kuti vashoma uye akaumba murwi 4 midbrain padenga. The chivako chacho, tichakurukura pazasi. A Zvaiitwa pakati uropi vanorondedzerwa yechipiri yezana ino.

Kukura midbrain

Visual uye auditory nzvimbo zvirimo, akava subcortical, zvenguva, kamwe pachinhano chokuzviisa pasi pake pamwe chidzoke vanhu nemhuka yakakwirira pakati cortical kuguma rinoonekwa uye auditory analyzers mu hunoita nhengo nhatu cortex. Development muvanhu uye yepamusoro mhuka hunoita nhengo nhatu kwakakanganisa kuti pathway kuti kubatanidza cortex pamwe musana mugumo, akatanga kupfuura nepakati uropi, vane mabasa vakachinja zvishoma. Somugumisiro, ekupedzisira ndiwo:

- subcortical auditory nzvimbo;

- ziso subcortical nzvimbo, uyewo tsinga nuclei kuti innervate tsandanyama ziso;

- zvose achiburukira uye vachikwira makwara kuti kubatanidza musana uye chepfungwa cortex nomumvura pakati dzaifanoiswa;

- tsapo vachena nyaya unobva midbrain pamwe siyana madhipatimendi ari nechepakati tsinga.

mamiriro

Paavhareji uropi kushanda uye maumbirwo izvo tiri kuziva, ndiyo nyore kuvakwa uye duku dhipatimendi (mu mufananidzo pamusoro kunoratidzwa muna shava). Pane zvinotevera huru zvikamu zviviri:

- makumbo, apo vakawanda nzira;

- subcortical nzvimbo chiratidzo uye kunzwa.

midbrain denga

The pedenga midbrain, dorsal rutivi, zvakavigwa pasi corpus callosum (rwemberi magumo). Zvinonzi dziya mu 4 akaronga pairwise murwi kubudikidza grooves maviri (transverse uye longitudinal) Achitambanudzira crosswise. The pamusoro maviri chikomo - subcortical nzvimbo chiratidzo, uye nechepasi maviri - kunzwa. Between yokumusoro protuberance ari paburi iri sandarara pineal. Bata murwi akarayira laterally, kumusoro uye anteriorly, kune zvenguva muuropi. Chobudira murwi ose. Mubato rokumusoro murwi iri pasi mutsago zviri thalamus nenzira iri lateral geniculate muviri. Pfundo pasi haazombotaurwi pasi medial geniculate muviri. mitumbi Geniculate, ambotaurwa pamusoro apa, hamuzi pakati uye kune zvenguva muuropi.

pfungwa hunde

Anopfuurira kurondedzera paavhareji uropi nerevane nechivako. Chinhu chinotevera uchifunga - makumbo ake. Chii? Ichi ventral chikamu, rine pathway zvose inotisvitsa hunoita nhengo nhatu. Cherechedza kuti makumbo vari vaviri semicylindrical makobvu chena beach, kuti yakashatiswa mumufambiro yorusvingo kubva kumucheto bhiriji achinyatsotaurira hemisphere.

Chii mhango pakati midbrain?

mashoko akawanda anogona kuwanikwa muchikamu ichi, sezvo anatomi ari midbrain. The mamiriro, mabasa ayo zvinoda rondedzero zvakaoma yesayenzi kururama. Hatina akadarikira mazita yakaoma Latin akasiya chete zvazviri. Nokuti kumuzikamwi yokutanga Zvaringana.

Toti mashoko mashomanana pamusoro pakati uropi mhango. It rakamanikana gwara uye anonzi mains mvura. The gwara iri mudungwe pamwe ependyma, zviri yakatetepa, mumwe kureba 1.5-2 cm. Brain mutopota rinobatanidza wechina wechitatu ventricle. Tire makumbo ichikutadzisa ayo ventral uye dorsal - pedenga midbrain.

Zvikamu midbrain kwepamuchinjikwa-sectional

Tinoenda nyaya yedu. Zvakakurukurwa avhareji hwomunhu kuva nani kunogona kunzwisiswa nokuongorora nayo, uye muchinjikwa-chikamu. Panyaya iyi, zvinotevera chikuru zvikamu zvitatu Munokudzwa mazviri

- pechifukidziro ndiro;

- tire;

- ventral dhipatimendi, kureva, nechigadziko makumbo.

The nuclei of midbrain

Pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu optic Kanotokonya maererano dzakabudirira midbrain nuclei vari siyana mairi. Mashandiro ari midbrain nuclei ndezvaJehovha innervation ziso. Mukuru colliculus mu dzakaderera vertebrates ndiyo kunyanya nzvimbo umo optic etsinga inoguma, uyewo dzinokosha kuona centre. Muvanhu uye mhuka pamwe yokufambisa mu hunoita nhengo nhatu Zvinhu kukurukurirana nzvimbo yasara pakati rokumusoro murwi, uye optic etsinga, zvinokosha chete kuti hunenge. The medial geniculate muviri, uyewo chinoumba rezasi murwi vanodimbura internet kunzwa loop. midbrain denga chinobatanidza kuti musana bilateral ukama. Bwendefa padenga anogona kunzi dzepanguva pfungwa nokuda kufamba izvo kuitika kazhinji nokupesvedzera auditory uye ziso kuitika.

chepfungwa mugero

It akapoteredzwa musimboti pfumbu fuma, mune mabasa ayo chokuita autonomic hurongwa. Under yaro ventral rusvingo tai muuropi hunde, muri vaviri chinoumba cranial motokari tsinga.

Musimboti oculomotor etsinga

Inoitwa dzakasiyana zvikamu innervation ari extraocular netsandanyama. Posteriorly uye medially kubva riri zvishoma zvokuwedzera yakanaka vegetative neerekitironi evaMedhia unpaired. Unpaired evaMedhia uye mamwe chinoumba innervate tsandanyama ziso, zviri involuntary. Isu anotaura chikamu chino oculomotor etsinga kune parasympathetic hurongwa. Rostral kuti (pamusoro) ari oculomotor etsinga nuclei iri muuropi hunde vhiri longitudinal medial danda core.

pfungwa hunde

Vari akakamurwa makumbo chawo (ventral) uye vanoneta. Black fuma anoshumira muganhu therebetween. ruvara kwayo anosungirwa kuti melanin, - black ruvara, iro iri masero etsinga kuti kunobvumirwa nayo. Tegmentum - zviri chikamu chayo, riri pakati substantia nigra uye padenga. It ngaubve musimboti tegmental nzira. Ichi pasi fungidziro Neural gwara, riri mu tegmentum (chinokosha). In ayo mamiriro - the fibers kuti vaende kubva tsvuku musimboti, globus pallidus, ari reticular paumbwe uropi uye thalamus kusvikira pakati omuorivhi reticular paumbwe medulla oblongata. nzira Ichi chikamu extrapyramidal hurongwa.

Mashandiro ari midbrain

Iye anobatsira chaizvo pakuita paumbwe uye kugadzwa kugadzirisa hunenge kuti vakwanise kufamba uye akamira. Mukuwedzera, nepakati-uropi basa iri zvinotevera: nayo inodzora tsandanyama matauriro, chinobatanidzwa kuparadzirwa kwayo. A iri chinodiwa kuti chikwata kufamba. Chimwe basa - nekuvongwa iye, pane mutemo vanoverengeka vegetative urongwa (pakuparadza, dög, kufema, BP). Nokuda kungwarira auditory uye ziso hunenge, uyewo kuwedzera mataurire flexor midbrain (mu mufananidzo pamusoro payo inosimbiswa tsvuku) anogadzira muviri kuitira kuti mhinduro pakarepo kwakaonekwa bundu. Statokinetic uye kunofambira mberi hunenge vari akaziva yawo mwero. Tonic hunenge zvinopa rebalancing, mamiriro, waizomedurwa nokuda kuchinja panzvimbo. Ivo kuonekwa kana nzvimbo musoro uye muviri muchadenga anochinja nokuda excitation pakati proprioceptive uye tactile receptors iri paganda. mabasa ose aya midbrain kunoratidza kuti inoita basa rinokosha mumuviri.

cerebellum

zvino isu mberi kusvika nokuongorora cerebellum. Chii? Izvi hindbrain mamiriro. Zvinonzi akaumba mune ontogeny pamusoro chepfungwa rhombic dundira (ayo dorsal pamadziro). Rinobatanidzwa ne siyana mapoka tsinga kuti anodzora masangano edu. kukura kwayo paruchaitika munzira kuvandudza ukama musana, uyewo kwakaderera zvavo vestibular hurongwa.

Research Luidzhi Lyuchiani

Mashandiro ari midbrain uye cerebellum akadzidza Luidzhi Lyuchiani, wokuItaly yefizikisi. Muna 1893 akaita kwakaita mhuka pamwe zvachose kana zvishomanana dzichibvisa cerebellum. Naiyewo vakaperekedza kuongorora wayo bioelectric basa, kunyoresa panguva kurudziro uye ndakazorora.

Zvakaitika kuti mataurire extensor tsandanyama kunowedzerwa kana akabvisa hafu cerebellum. Akatambanudza Makumbo hwemhuka, muviri hwakakungwa uye musoro iri vakatsauka mune vakavhiyiwa divi. Pane sangano iri denderedzwa ( "Foyer kufamba") iri kuvhiyiwa divi. Zvinorondedzerwa zvinetso zvishoma ndokudzora, asi vamwe kufamba discoordination vakaramba.

Kana iwe bvisa ose cerebellum, pane raidudzwa kufamba nyonganyonga. Ivo ndokudzora kunze zvishoma nezvishoma nokuda ndechokuti cortex iri kusashanda (ayo gwenya nharaunda). Zvisinei, mhuka iri kutyora Kufambisa achiri. Kune kururama, vachinyara, kwakakwana kuchiva, inoshamisa gait.

Mupiro Academician Orbeli

Muna 1938, Academician Orbeli akaziva kuti cerebellum Kunochinjawo kuti Kanotokonya midziyo, vegetative kwendangariro. Uyezve, pane kubatana dzaro mamiriro tsandanyama ose zvomukati. Kuchinja Zvinoumba ropa, ropa kuparadzirwa, afemeruke, kugaya, izvo kuitika pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu cerebellum, chinangwa kuunza (trophic) Basa iri skeletal tsandanyama.

Academician Orbeli cerebellum anonzi kwete chete somunhu mubatsiri ari chepfungwa cortex iri mutemo tsandanyama matauriro uye sangano, asiwo somunhu adaptive-trophic muzinda. In basa iri, iye ane mwoyo zvose zvikamu uropi kuburikidza tsinga (the tsitsi chikamu). Saka yaidzorwa muviri, uye nechepakati tsinga zvinoenderana kune dzezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu. It Vakawana kuti basa cerebellar cortex iri zvakabatana chaizvo kune Hemisférios Cerebrais uye anouya pasi wayo kuzvidzora.

mhedziso

Saka, isu muchidimbu mibvunzo yacho cerebellum uye midbrain munhu. mabasa avo kurondedzerwa. Zvino kuti munoziva chinhu basa rinokosha vatambe. Miviri yedu kazhinji yakagadzirwa kuitira kuti miviri yawo yose kuita basa ravo, ivo vose zvakakodzera. Mashandiro ari medulla uye midbrain, uyewo dzimwe nhengo dzomuviri, unofanira kuziva.

Uye pakupedzisira, mashoko mashoma. Uropi - kunzwisisa chikwata rine mabhiriyoni masero kushanda pamwe chete. It inotsigira tefa uye rakasiyana upenyu, asi saizvozvo uye anokwanisa kupindura kuchinja incentives, nhungamiro uye zvinodiwa maitiro. Kana upenyu tikaenda kubvira paucheche kusvikira pauduku, uye ipapo kumukomana, kukura mupfungwa uye kukwegura, saizvozvo yokuita isu muviri yedu. Saizvozvowo, uropi anochinja. Anofanira, rumwe rutivi, rakaoma-coded shanduka uye zvokukura mifananidzo kukura. Asi Ukuwo, anokwanisa ajairane kuchinja aiita pakati zvakatipoteredza uye nhengo.