Future Energy: chokwadi nengano. Alternative simba matura

Hazvina chakavanzika kuti zvinhu zvinoshandiswa nevanhu nhasi zvechokwadi kupfuura okuwana ravo ramangwana uye kushandiswa kungaita kwete chete kune simba, asiwo kune zvakatipoteredza njodzi. Pachivanhu kushandiswa nevanhu pfuma - marasha, gasi uye mafuta - zvichaguma pashure mashomanana emakore, nezviyero vanofanira kubatwa ikozvino, munguva yedu. Chokwadi, tinogona kutarisira kuti tichawana zvimwe vapfumi dhipoziti zvakare, uyewo yokutanga yezana remakore rapfuura, asi masayendisiti anodavira kuti deposits huru yakadai zvakare. Asi chero zvakadaro, kunyange kuwanikwa yeminda itsva chete kunonotsa zvisingadzivisiki vanofanira kuwana nzira pave dzimwe simba, uye Kuenda renewable pfuma zvakadai mhepo, zuva, geothermal, mvura Rwako, nezvimwewo, uye kuwedzera ichi zvakafanira kuramba kukura simba-kuponesa ruzivo.

Munyaya ino tichakurukura mamwe vaizotibata, mune maonero anoita vaongorori ano, pfungwa hwokuvakira ramangwana simba.

yokutenderera zuva nhepfenyuro

Vanhu refu nezvazvo kana zvichibvira kushandisa zuva simba panyika. Under chiedza chezuva neshungu mvura uye waoma nguo zvehari asati vakatumira muchoto Zvisinei, nzira iyi hazvigoni kunzi inobudirira. Yokutanga zvekushandisa rinoreva, iyo exchange rezuva simba yakabuda muzana remakore rechi18. musayendisiti French Buffon, zvakaitika zvave, umo iye akakwanisa tichibatsirwa hombe concave girazi mu zvakajeka ekunze kuti vesa yakaoma huni kure vanenge 70 mamita. compatriot ake, yakakurumbira musayendisiti Lavoisier, shandisa lenses kuti pfungwa zuva simba, uye muna England akasika munhu lenticular girazi kuti nokuisa Mwaranzi yezuva akayerera simbi mumaminitsi mashomanana.

Zvakasikwa vakaperekedza kuedza zvizhinji kwakaratidza kuti kushandiswa rezuva simba panyika zvinobvira. Zvisinei, zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri sero kuti zvingadai akachinja gwenya simba kupinda zvokuimba simba, akazviratidza panongova ichangopfuura, muna 1953. It akasikwa nemasayendisiti kubva US National Aerospace Agency. Nechekare muna 1959 akatanga kushandisa solar emadziro kushongedzera nzvimbo Satellite.

Zvichida kunyange zvino, tichiziva kuti mabhatiri kwakadaro muchadenga zvikuru zvakanyanya, masayendisiti akanga pfungwa pakusika munhu nzvimbo zuva miti, nekuti neawa zuva kuti vaunze sezvo zvikuru simba sezvo yose vanhu zvinodya uye nokuda kwegore, saka wadii kushandisa izvozvo? Chii chichava remangwana zuva simba?

Kune rumwe rutivi kunenge kuti kushandiswa rezuva simba rakanakira. Zvisinei, mari chihombe nzvimbo rezuva chirimwa zvakakwirira kwazvo, uye zvakare, ndiko nzira kuti ishande. Nokufamba kwenguva, sezvo michina mitsva nezvevanakomana nokuda chokuendesa nhumbi muchadenga, uyewo zvinyorwa zvitsva, kuti Implementation ane chirongwa chakadai kwaizova zvichikwanisika, asi tinogona chete kushandisa ukomba zviduku pamusoro pechiso nyika. Vazhinji vachati kuti zviri maiwe. Hungu, zvinobvira pamba, asi nokuda simba nerubatsiro mumaguta makuru, ukuwo, anofanira kuva akagadzirwa rezuva ukomba, mumwe zvemichina kuti ndivaite tibudirire.

Upfumi divi nyaya iri varipowo: bhajeti ose vachatambura kana zvichanzi tasked kushandura guta rose (kana nyika) pamusoro kwezuva aenzana. Zvaizoratidza sokuti raigona mumaguta makuru vagari kubhadhara imwe mari kuti mhararano inonzi zvaida, asi muchiitiko chino vachava asingafari, nokuti kana vanhu vakanga vachida kuenda mari yakadaro, ivo kare kuti makazviita pachavo: kukwanisa kutenga gwenya paneeli ari wose.

Achitaura rezuva simba pane rimwe gangaidzo: zvichidhura kugadzirwa. Zuva simba zvakananga kupinda magetsi Translation - kwete zvikuru nyatsoshanda chinhu. Harisati kuwana nzira nani pane kushandisa chezuva kuti vakuchidzire mvura, iyo ichichinja chiutsi izvo inobudisa chidhayinamo. Muchiitiko chino, simba kurasikirwa usingashandi. Humanity anoda kushandisa "girini" rezuva ukomba uye zuva chiteshi, kuponesa zvinhu pasi, asi basa iri zvinoda guru chitsama zvakafanana zviwanikwa, uye "dzisiri zvipenyu" simba. Somuenzaniso, imwe gwenya simba chirimwa ane nzvimbo dzinenge mbiri mativi makiromita kwave ichangobva kuvakwa muFrance. Construction mutengo kwakanga vanenge mamiriyoni 110 euros, kwete kusanganisira mari kushanda. With zvose izvi zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti upenyu zvigadziriswe akadaro makore anenge 25.

mhepo

Wind simba - anoshandiswawo nevanhu kubvira kare, muenzaniso kupfuura nyore ndiyo chikepe uye mahwindimiri. Mahwindimiri kushandisa nhasi, vari kunyanya vanobudirira munzvimbo pamwe kugara mhepo, akadai pamhenderekedzo. Masayendisiti vari kuramba mberi pfungwa sei modernize aivapo maturusi kuti rokutendeutsa mhepo simba, mumwe wavo - muchimiro zvinoyangarara mhepo turbines turbines. Nokuda dzose kutenderera vaikwanisa 'yokuturika "mumhepo mukati mashomanana zana metres kubva pasi, apo mhepo yakasimba uye kugara. Izvi zvaizobatsira ari magetsi kuti vekumaruwa, apo hazvibviri kushandisa kwakajairika mhepo turbines. Uyezve, izvi akayangarara turbines vaizova vakagadzirira pamwe Internet modules izvo zvichaitwa kuitira vanhu kuenda World Wide Web.

Nemafungu uye mafungu

The kuwedzera kwemari rezuva uye mhepo simba iri zvishoma nezvishoma kutora nzvimbo, uye kukwezvwa kufarira nevatsvakurudzi ndechimwe dzinongoitika simba. More vaizotibata ndiko kushandisa nemafungu. Nechekare, nyaya iyi yave kumativi makambani ane zana munyika, uye pane zvirongwa zvakati kuti vakaratidza kubudirira nzira iyi kugadzirwa magetsi. The paanopfuura rezuva simba iri kuti kurasikirwa iri shanduro imwe simba kune mumwe zvishoma: chihombe hyökyaalto rotates munhu turbine, unobereka magetsi.

The "Oyster" - pfungwa dzinofunga penyanza pauriri hinji kurova-rova, izvo achakupaiwo mvura pamahombekombe, nokudaro akashandura nyore Hydroelectric turbine. mumwe kugadzwa yakadaro chete aigona kupa magetsi kuti nharaunda duku.

Atova Australia vakabudirira akashandisa hyökyaalto: muguta Perth desalination yakaiswa kushanda kwakadai simba. Ravo basa rinobvumira yakachena mvura inenge hafu yemiriyoni vanhu. Natural simba uye maindasitiri zvinogonawo kubatanidzwa mune zvekutepfenyura hwesimba kugadzirwa.

Kushandiswa naTidhari simba siyanei mabikirwo kuti isu Maiona murwizi hydropower miti. HPP kazhinji zvinokuvadza nharaunda: nzvimbo dzakapoteredza ruzere, akaparadza mararamiro, asi zvirimwa kuti kushandisa naTidhari masaisai, pachinhu ichi, zvikuru kwaaiva akachengeteka.

dzevanhu simba

Chimwe chezvinhu tarenda zvirongwa pane yatakanyora pasi kunogona kunzi simba kushandiswa zvipenyu vanhu. Sounds hunoshamisa uye kunyange zvakawanda zvinotyisa, asi kwete vose kukutyisa. Masayendisiti vanokoshesa pfungwa sei kushandisa zvokuimba simba inofamba. Zviri mumabasa aya microelectronics uye Nanotechnology pamwe pasi simba rakawanda. Nepo zvinoita nayo sezvinoita pakuva, hapana budiriro chaiyo, asi pfungwa unofadza zvikuru uye haasiyi pfungwa masayendisiti. Bvumiranai, yakakodzera chaizvo kuva mano kuti akafanana wachi pamwe otomatiki podzavodkoy vachapiwa mhosva kubva ndechokuti Switch wiring munwe, kana pahwendefa kana foni Anongorembera muhomwe kana achifamba. Tisingatauri mbatya, iro rizere microdevices siyana, aigona exchange kupinda magetsi simba kufamba kwevanhu.

In Berkeley, muna Lawrence Laboratory Somuenzaniso, masayendisiti akaedza kuunza upenyu pfungwa kushandisa nemavhairasi kumanikidza simba kutendeuka kupinda magetsi. Zvisinei zvigadziriswe Small kushanda inofamba, sezvo pane, asi aibuda zvigadzirwa kwakadaro hakuna kuisa. Hongu, munyika yose simba dambudziko iri nzira isina kurarama: How vanhu vazhinji vachafanira "chitiviri" kuti kushanda chirimwa yose? Asi sezvo mumwe zviyero wakashandiswa kunzwisisa, dzidziso iri zvikuru musoro.

Kunyanya kufanana zvigadzirwa kuti vabudirire zvakaoma kusvika nzvimbo, panguva polar pazviteshi, mumakomo uye dondo, pakati vafambi uye vashanyi vakanga hamuneni mano mhosva Gadget wako, asi kugara vachikurukura kunokosha, kunyanya kana boka raiva nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Zvinhu zvizhinji zvaigona kudziviswa kana vanhu vagara yakavimbika kukurukurirana mudziyo inova yakazvimirira "parusvingo."

Rehydrogen chinotsva Sero

Zvichida, chimwe nechimwe muridzi mumotokari, nokudhiraivha panguva chiedza huwandu peturu kusvika zero, pane imwe pfungwa sei zvaizova zvikuru kana motokari Anomhanyira mvura. Asi ikozvino maatomu ayo vakawira kumunda maonero remasayendisiti sezvo zvechokwadi simba zvivako. Chokwadi chokuti tudonhwe rehydrogen - zvikuru zvakawanda gasi ari muchadenga - rine guru simba rakawanda. Uyezve, injini opisa gasi pamwe anenge asina ne-zvigadzirwa, kureva, tinowana kwazvo zvakatipoteredza ushamwari rinochiwedzera.

Rehydrogen akapiwa vamwe modules zviri ISS uye shuttles, asi Pasi payo ariko kunyanya muchimiro yeimwe zvakadai semvura. Mune eighties kuRussia vave kusimukira ndege kuti kushandisa rehydrogen sezvo huni, michina iyi kunyange kushandiswa tsika, uye experimental mhando kunge nekusimba kunobudirira. Kana rehydrogen riri vakaparadzaniswa, zviri akatamira chaiwo mafuta sero, magetsi inogona kunotangira zvakananga. Izvi hazvina simba ramangwana chava chinhu chaichoicho. motokari idzi kare anogadzirwa uye zvakarurama yakawanda. The Kambani Honda, kuti kusimbisa yose sezvakaita simba panobva uye motokari zvarwo, aiitisa kumwe kuedza umo muchina rave chokuita magetsi musha network, asi kwete kuitira kuti recharged. The motokari anogona kupa simba private musha mumazuva mashomanana, kana kupfuura pasina refueling makiromita anoda kusvika mazana mashanu.

The chete drawback pamusoro bhuku iyi simba panguva - iri hwakanaka kudhura akadai eco ushamwari motokari, uye chokwadi, vashomanana rehydrogen ichizadza pazviteshi, asi munyika dzakawanda kare vakaronga kuvaka yavo. Somuenzaniso, Germany atova chirongwa hwokugadza zana ichizadza pazviteshi ne 2017.

pasi kupisa

Kutendeuka chafariz simba kupinda magetsi - ndiwo geothermal simba. Mune dzimwe nyika umo zvakaoma kushandisa mamwe maindasitiri, rinoshandiswa zvikuru nevakawanda. Somuenzaniso, muna Philippines 27% vose magetsi inowira geothermal simba zvinomera, uye muna Iceland nhamba anenge 30%. Musimboti nzira iyi simba Kugadzirwa iri nyore, kuti mashandiro zvakafanana nyore hwemvura injini. mashoko aiti "gungwa" magma Asati zvinokosha kuti vanochera buri kuburikidza iyo mvura iri pumped. Pamusoro kuonana nemvura sokupenya magma pakarepo tinoshandurirwa chiutsi. Unomutswa apo dzinokanganisa zvokuimba turbine, nokudaro generating magetsi.

Geothermal simba ramangwana nderokuwana guru "nzvimbo" kuti magma. Somuenzaniso, muna chambotaurwa nezvacho Iceland nayo vakabudirira: incandescent magma chikamu chechipiri zvose zvashanduka kuti mvura uploaded kupinda hwemvura tembiricha vanenge 450 Celsius, inova mhedziso chinyorwa. Akadaro mukuru-kumanikidzwa chiutsi anokwanisa kuvandudza kunyatsoshanda pamusoro geothermal chechitima kanoverengeka, zvinogona kuve riwedzere kuti kukura geothermal simba munyika yose, kunyanya munzvimbo zvakazara anoputika uye chafariz matsime.

Kushandisa tsvina yenyukireya

Renyukireya, panguva, akasika furor. Zvakanga zvisiri kusvikira chero vanhu havazivi zvizere nengozi nemauto hwesimba. Tsaona zvinogoneka, kubva zvakafanana zviitiko hapana angati, asi ivo vari mashoma chaizvo, asi mwaranzi kuoneka wakatsiga uye, kusvikira ichangopfuura, masayendisiti kugona kupedza dambudziko iri. Chokwadi chokuti uranium exchange pematanda - kuti "mafuta" simba renyukireya chinyakare inogona kushandiswa 5 chete%. Pashure kukura iyi duku chikamu yose chinoumba rwunotumirwa "dustbin".

Yamboshandiswa chidobi yokuti matanda vakanga mumvura, iyo DZEMUNHU DZINODZORA ari neutrons, apo kuramba yakagadzikana maitiro. Zvino pane mvura vakatanga kushandisa mvura yavaibvisa. kuzvitsinhanisa Izvi zvinobvumira iwe kwete chete kushandisa yose Vhoriyamu uranium exchange, asiwo kuti ironge makumi ezviuru ematani mwaranzi.

Ubvisei nyika yose renyukireya tsvina kunokosha, asi pane mumwe "asi" iri zvemichina pacharo. Uranus zvinoreva zvinhu uye reserves munyika zvinhu zvose. Kana wose nyika kushandurira bedzi pamusoro simba zvinobva simba renyukireya (somuenzaniso, US simba renyukireya miti kubereka chete 20% of zvachose magetsi kuparadzwa), uranium exchange reserves chichange wakaneta nani nokukurumidza, uye ichi zvakare achatungamirira vanhu pachikumbaridzo simba dambudziko, zvokuti renyukireya , kunyange modernized, chete kwenguva pfupi kwazvo.

muriwo mafuta

Kunyange Henry Ford, kutanga "Model T", aitarisira kuti aifanira kushanda biofuel. Zvisinei, apo minda mafuta idzva pazvakawanikwa, uye kudiwa nzira simba manyuko yakanyangarika kwemakumi mashomanana emakore, asi iye zvino shure zvakare.

Mumakore gumi apfuura, kushandiswa miriwo rinochiwedzera, zvakadai panyaya iyi uye biodiesel, ikawanda kanoverengeka. Ivo anoshandiswa sezvo akazvimiririra manyuko simba, uye somunhu chirungiso kuti peturu. Vamwe nguva kare, tariro vakanga wakarovererwa musi chaiwo mapfunde netsika, rinozivikanwa "Canola". Hazvina kukodzera zvachose sezvo zvokudya kana vanhu kana mhuka, asi aine mafuta kugutsikana. The mafuta uye simbi ichibereka "biodiesel". Asi tsika iyi kunotora nzvimbo yakawandisa, kana ukaedza kukura nayo refu inokwana huni kweinenge chikamu nyika.

Zvino masayendisiti ari kutaura kushandisa algae. mafuta ravo zviri vanenge 50%, izvo uyewo kusvina mafuta nyore, uye tsvina inogona dzikwanise fetiraiza pahwaro izvo pachamera algae chitsva. Pfungwa anonzi anonakidza, asi chinhanho ayo asati nekusimba kuti racho kubudirira kuedza munzvimbo ino usati dzakabudiswa.

renyukireya Fusion

Future nyika simba, maererano nenyanzvi ano, hazvibviri pasina Michina Fusion. Zviri, panguva, kuti vaizotibata zvikuru kukura, izvo kare paakapiwa mabhiriyoni emadhora.

In simba renyukireya miti vanoshandisa simba kupesana. Hazvina ngozi nekuti pane ngozi ane inondimukira kuita kuti anoparadza reactor, uye zvichaita kuti kusunungurwa hombe rakawanda radioactive zvinhu: zvichida zvose yeuka tsaona panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa.

The zvinoitwa yenyukireya Fusion, zita rinoreva, anoshandisa simba akabudiswa panguva confluence maatomu. Somugumisiro, kusiyana fission zvenyukireya, hauna kuumbwa chero mwaranzi.

The chikuru dambudziko iri kuti kunoguma Fusion iri fuma ane mukuru tembiricha akadaro, izvo zvinogona kuparadza yose reactor.

simba iri ramangwana - chizadzike. Uye fungidziro iri panzvimbo panguva iri kare France akatanga kuvaka reactor. mabhiriyoni akawanda emadhora paakapiwa mu mutyairi chirongwa, izvo mari kubudikidza dzakawanda, ramakagadzwa, kuwedzera kune EU, unosanganisira China, Japan, USA, Russia nevamwe. Pakutanga, kuedza kutanga kare aronga kutanga muna 2016, asi Masvomhu zvakaratidza kuti bhajeti hapandiringani (pane mabhiriyoni 5 akatora 19), uye kuti kanda rikashamiswa kwemamwe makore 9. Zvimwe tichaona mumakore mashoma, kuti anokwanisa Fusion simba.

Matambudziko enyika ino uye munguva yemberi zvichibva

masayendisiti kwete chete, asiwo vanyori renyaya, kupa yakawanda mazano kuzadziswa ramangwana ruzivo vari simba zvekutepfenyura, asi zvose anobvumirana nezvokuti zvakadaro kure hapana nzira varege kubereka kutsigirwa zvizere zvose zvinodiwa yebudiriro yedu. Somuenzaniso, kana zvose nemota US achadzinga biofuel canola minda ndakadzvara nharaunda akaenzana hafu yose, pasina kufungisisa chokuti nyika akakodzera kurimwa muUnited States havasi vazhinji.
Uyezve, saka kure zvose nzira kugadzirwa kungaitwa pane simba - migwagwa. Zvichida mumwe nomumwe munhuwo dzomumaguta vagari, ndinobvuma kuti zvakakosha kushandisa yakachena, renewable pfuma, asi kwete kana vanopa inzwi mari yakadaro kuchinja panguva. Masayendisiti vachiri yakawanda basa munharaunda iyi. New matongo, zvinhu zvitsva, pfungwa itsva - izvi zvose richabatsira vanhu kutarisana zvinobudirira zvavo-refu upfumi dambudziko.

Kupedza simba matambudziko ari nyika anogona chete nzwisisika matanho. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, zvinoita yamunenge kushandisa simba kugadzirwa kubva mhepo, kumwe - solar noukomba, uye zvichingodaro. Asi zvichida mukuru ndechokuti kuderedza simba zvinodyiwa zvavo uye pakasikwa simba-kuponesa ruzivo. Mumwe munhu anofanira kunzwisisa kuti kukonzera nyika, uye munhu wose anofanira kubvunza mubvunzo: "? Worudzii simba ini vanosarudza yeramangwana"
Asati atendeuka kuva nezvimwe zvinhu, munhu wose anofanira kuziva kuti zvinokosha chaizvo. Chete misoro nzira achakwanisa kugadzirisa dambudziko simba.