Famous zvipenyu Russian uye runyararo uye navo kuvhura

Kukwidziridzwa sayenzi - zvizhinji matarenda uye vakazvitsaurira vanhu vasiri kutya panguva yakanga kuisa mberi pfungwa dzake pamusoro chirongwa kugadzira zano itsva. Kwakakwana vanhu mumwe kwemireniyumu akaona yakawanda inokosha, dzinonakidza uye zvinokosha matongo mumunda zvipenyu. Ndevapi vanhu vakakudza Russia? Ndivanaani ava nyanzvi dzezvinhu zvipenyu akakurumbira?

Kubva Antiquity kusvika XIX remakore

Famous zvipenyu uye Zvavakawana vakatanga kuoneka kwenguva refu. Kunyange kare, kana kunyange kubva mubvunzo kuti sayenzi kwakadaro, paiva vanhu vaida kunzwisisa zvakavanzika zvenyika. Chinhu yakakurumbira munhu akadaro, sezvo Aristotle, Pliny, Dioscorides.

Biology sayenzi akatanga kubuda pedyo 17 remakore fung. Akazviratidza systematics zvipenyu vakaberekwa anoranga akadai zvidukuduku, physiology. Akaramba kutanga anatomi: paiva kuvhurika rechipiri riparadzirwe, kutanga zvakanzi vadzidza ropa masero matsvuku uye dzisingaoneki nemhuka. Famous zvipenyu nguva - zviri Uilyam Garvey, A. Leeuwenhoek, T. Morgan.

XIX uye XX remakore - ndicho yepamusoro zvinhu zvitsva kuti zvakachinja nyika. The zvipenyu dzakakurumbira akararama panguva, vaigona zvikuru kuchinja mararamiro nesayenzi. Zvinorehwa 19-20th emakore, haagoni rudo vanokosha, nekuti dzinokosha hypotheses uye zvakagadzirwa akazviratidza chete panguva ino, kwete chete muna zvipenyu, asiwo vamwe minda nesayenzi. Zvichida zvidzidzo inokosha yaiitwa chete kuburikidza vanhu vakadai Pavlov, Vernadsky, Mechnikov uye nezvimwe zvakawanda vanozivikanwa zvipenyu Russian.

Zhan Batist Lamark

Akaberekwa muna 1744 muna yokuPicardy. Ndaisa mberi pfungwa yemhindumupindu upenyu panyika, nokuti chinyi achinzi aizotangira kuti Darwin. Uyewo Lamarck akasuma rokuti "zvipenyu" uye chokugutsikana anoranga zvakadai zvemhuka uye paleontology invertebrates.

Antoni Van Levenguk (1632-1723)

Pakafa baba vake Leeuwenhoek akatanga kushanda senguva magirazi polisher. Makore mashomanana gare gare akava tenzi pabasa rake, iro kwakamubatsira kugadzira yayo maikorosikopu 200 nguva magnification. With ichi maikorosikopu, Leeuwenhoek akaziva vakasununguka-zvipenyu - utachiona uye protists.

Uyewo musayendisiti wokutanga akaratidza kuti ropa imvura ine vakawanda masero. masero eropa, masero matsvuku eropa vakanga akazarurwa Leeuwenhoek.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

I. P. Pavlov akaberekwa Ryazan muna 1849. Ndapedza kubva kuseminari yekwake, akasarudza kubatanidza upenyu hwavo nesayenzi. musayendisiti Future kudzidza lääkäri-Nzira Academy, kutora pamusoro kubva vadzidzisi hutenzi pamusoro scalpel. Chii chiri kubudirira kubudirira zvipenyu inozivikanwa zvikuru remakore rechi19?

Research basa Pavlova kwaibva tsinga mabasa. Akadzidza nemamiriro uropi, inofanira kupararira tsinga nomunhu. Semusayendisiti mubasa tsvakurudzo pamusoro zvomudumbu ino, nokuti iyo akagamuchira Nobel Prize muna 1904. Kusvikira rufu rwake, I. P. Pavlov aishanda sezvo Rector of Institute of Physiology of Academy of Sciences.

Sezvo nomwoyo anozivikanwa zvipenyu Pavlov yakawanda hwake kuti sayenzi. Makore anenge 35 akanga zvinobatanidzwa muzvidzidzo chokuita nechepakati tsinga pamwe zviri mupfungwa maitiro. The musayendisiti akava muvambi pakutevedzera itsva zvesayenzi - physiology kuvakuru huta basa. The zveBhaibheri yaiitwa murabhoritari, mupfungwa zvipatara uye kennels Mhuka dzinovaraidza. Kazhinji, ose ezvinhu kuti chakaipa basa vakanga inopiwa nehurumende USSR, t. To. Zvakabuda pakutsvakurudza zvakabatsira kuti hombe danho kurutivi yesayenzi chimurenga mumunda Neural basa.

Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky

Zvinenge zvose zvinozivikanwa zvipenyu Russian vakanga kunoshamisa mishonga, yefizikisi uye mathematicians. Muenzaniso unoshamisa - V. I. Vernadsky, mukuru anofunga, musayendisiti, mutsvakurudzi.

Vernadsky akaberekwa muna 1863 kuSt Petersburg. Ndapedza rorusununguko Mathematics uye Physics Peterburg University, akatanga kudzidza ehupfumi ari radioactive okunze, ari Zvinoumba goko paNyika, nemamiriro ose zvicherwa. tsvakurudzo ake akapa zvakasimbisa pakagadzwa kurangwa itsva - biogeochemistry.

Vernadsky Akaisa mberi pfungwa dzake pamusoro kukura biosphere pamusoro izvo zvinenge zvose vari nyaya mhenyu. Zvinobatanidza radioactive zvinhu zviri zuva kutenderera, iye vakabatana kuti zvinhu zvipenyu nezvisiri zvipenyu zviri zvipenyu ino.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Famous zvipenyu remakore rechi19 zvinhu zvakawanda mune physiology uye immunology munhu.

Mechnikov akaberekwa muna 1845 mumusha Ivanovka Kharkov dunhu, akapedza kudzidza muna 1862 uye muChikoro School of Physics uye Mathematics rorusununguko Kharkov University. Ndapedza zvidzidzo ake payunivhesiti musayendisiti akatanga tsvakurudzo ake mumunda embryology ose invertebrates.

Muna 1882 Mechnikov vakasangana Lui Pasterom, uyo anopa naye basa rakanaka iri Pasteur University. Ilya Ilyich mubheka kwemakore akawanda. Panguva ino haana chete akaita zvishomanana zvinokosha matongo mune embryology, asi vakatangawo kudzidza mananara zvakadai phagocytosis. Chaizvoizvo, Mechnikov uye ndivo vakatanga kuona naro leukocytes muenzaniso.

Muna 1908 musayendisiti vakagamuchira Nobel Prize pamusana kukura immunology uye mishonga. Kuburikidza tsvakurudzo ake, anoranga aya vakakwanisa kukwira rinotevera padanho.

Vomunondo kusvikira pakuguma hwake akashanda paYunivhesiti Paris , uye akafa pashure wandei mwoyo kurwiswa.

Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov

Famous zvipenyu Russian anozvikudza zvairehwa ake vawana. Ndaiva asingasiyi uye ARMENIA Vavilov - Microbiologist, nyanzvi, chirimwa physiologist, muongorori wenyeredzi uye geographer.

Vavilov akaberekwa muna 1887 muMoscow. Kubva achiri muduku aifarira nekunhonga zvinomera, kudhirowa herbarium, kudzidza kwemakemikari zvivako zviri zvinhu. Hazvishamisi, nzvimbo yake yemberi kudzidza achava Moscow Agricultural Institute, apo akakwanisa kuratidza tarenda ravo.

Chinonyanya kukosha kuwanikwa Vavilov - ndiwo mutemo homologous dzinotevedzana kuti rinotsanangura parallelism iri nhaka unhu nezvizvarwa zvevazukuru zvipenyu. Vaongorori vakawana kuti pakati kufanana zvipenyu zvinowanikwa dzakafanana alleles zvakafanana Gene. Fani iyi rinoshandiswa ruminant kufanotaura zvichibvira ehupfumi zvinomera.

Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

Famous zvipenyu akashanda kwete chete mune bhotani, anatomi, physiology, asiwo kutsigira kurangwa itsva. Somuenzaniso, Di Ivanovsky chave kukura virology.

Ivanovski kudzidza St. Petersburg University muna 1888 panguva weDhipatimendi bhotani. Achitungamirirwa matarenda vadzidzisi, akadzidza chirimwa physiology uye zvidukuduku, izvo akamutendera kuwana mashoko acho zvake zvakawanwa ramangwana.

Dmitry I. tsvakurudzo wake fodya. Akacherechedza kuti causative nomumiririri fodya waMosesi hakusi kuoneka simba kupfuura maikorosikopu uye asingauyi kukura pane zvavo inotonhorera zvenhau. Gare gare, akasvika pakugumisa kuti pane zvinenge noncellular mavambo kuti anokonzera zvirwere izvi. Ivanovo kuvati nemavhairasi, uye kubvira rave kutanga muchikamu ichi zvipenyu sezvo virology, izvo vakatadza kuita zvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu yakakurumbira munyika.

mhedziso

Izvi hazvisi misoro mazita masayendisiti vakakwanisa kupemberera zvidzidzo ake Russian. Famous zvipenyu uye Zvavakawana ndakapa zvakasimbisa kukura yepamusoro nesayenzi. Naizvozvo, tinogona zvakarurama shevedzai 19-20-fung remakore yepamusoro yebasa yesayenzi, nguva zvakawanwa zvikuru.