The photoelectric chaizvoizvo - the wefizikisi of chinonakidza

Muna 1887, musayendisiti wokuGermany Hertz vawana mugumisiro chiedza pamusoro magetsi buditsa. Kudzidza sesasaradzi buditsa Hertz vakaona kuti kana akaipa electrode chiedza pamwe ultraviolet mwaranzi, zvinoyerera kunoitika panguva yakaderera voltage pamusoro electrodes.

Zvakanga mberi kuwanikwa kuti kana kutarisana chiedza ane yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama isakarurama akapomera ndiro simbi kwakabatana kuti electroscope museve electroscope Falls. Izvi zvairatidza kuti nokuvhenekerwa riemukaari Dombo anorasikirwa kunaka mutariri wayo. The yakanaka nokuchengeta simbi hwendefa nechiedza havazotadzi.

Kurasikirwa miviri simbi yakavhenekerwa nemwaranzi yechiedza akaipa zvemagetsi aitarisira anonzi photoelectric mugumisiro kana photoelectric kushanda.

The Physics iyi Chiitiko rave vakadzidza kubva 1888 uye akakurumbira Russian musayendisiti A. G. Stoletovym.

The kudzidza photoelectric maturo emakore kwakaitwa pachishandiswa installation zvinosanganisira discs mbiri duku. Yakasimba zingi yairema uye nhete pajira riya wakaiswa vertically imwe, pova capacitor. ndiro yayo chokuita matanda kuitika kupi, uye ipapo kuvhenekerwa nechiedza wemagetsi chinhu chakakombama.

Light pachena kuburikidza pajira riya pamusoro pemvura yakasimba zingi Disc.

STOLETOV akawana kuti kana munhu zingi bwendefa capacitor chokuita kune akaipa danda riri voltage panobva (a cathode), kuti galvanometer chokuita redunhu kuratidza ano. Kana cathode ari pajira riya, saka hapana ano. Saka, zvakavhenekerwa zingi ndiro inongorira isakarurama mhosva nezvimedu, izvo basa magetsi kuvapo pakati naye uye mambure.

Stoletov, kudzidza photoelectric Chaizvoizvo, wefizikisi izvo ichigere akazarura, akatora nokuda kuedza ake mavhiri akasiyana nesimbi: aruminiyamu, mhangura, zingi, sirivha, nickel. Vakaiisa navo akaipa danda kubva voltage bhuku, unoonekwa sei pasi Zvakaitwa chinhu chakakombama iri kutenderera mutyairi wendege chirimwa nayo magetsi. Izvi kuitika anonzi photocurrent.

By kuwedzera voltage pakati capacitor ndiro photocurrent rwuchiwanzwa, richisvika imwe voltage wayo kunonyanyisa ukoshi inonzi saturation photocurrent.

Achiongorora photoelectric Chaizvoizvo, wefizikisi iyo inofambirana chokuita nedoro yacho saturation pakati photocurrent kukosha pakati luminous nekubudisa chiitiko pamusoro cathode hwendefa STOLETOV akasimbisa mutemo zvinotevera: yacho saturation kukosha photocurrent, achava Proportional kuti chiitiko chiedza nekubudisa Dombo zvakananga.

Mutemo uyu unonzi Stoletov.

Gare gare vakawana kuti photocurrent - aibuda maerekitironi ukabva chiedza simbi.

Dzidziso yacho photoelectric kushanda yakazviwanira yakafara kushanda. Saka vakasikwa mudziyo, izvo kwakavakirwa chiitiko ichi. Dzinonzi masero kwezuva.

The photosensitive rukoko - cathode - kufukidza yomukati anenge pepasi girazi girobhu racho kunze kwenguva duku shoma hwindo nokuda kuwana chiedza. The anode racho waya mhete, yanyatsosimba mukati mugaba. The mudziyo - a Vacuum.

Kana isu kubatanidza mhete kune zvakanaka danda kubva bhatiri uye photosensitive rukoko nesimbi kubudikidza galvanometer wayo kunaka danda, zvino kana akafukidza rukoko zvakakodzera chiedza bhuku razvino iri kutenderera.

Unogona kudzima bhatiri zvachose, asi ipapo tichaona ichangobuda, chete simba zvikuru, sezvo chete duku chikamu chiedza vabudiswa maerekitironi vachawira pasi waya mhete - the anode. Kugonesa mugumisiro zvakakodzera voltage mune hurongwa 80-100.

Photoelectric chaizvoizvo, wefizikisi iyo inoshandiswa zvakadaro zvinhu zvinogona kuonekwa kushandisa chero simbi. Zvisinei, vakawanda vavo, akadai mhangura, simbi, Platinum, tungsten, chete tisanzwe ultraviolet mwaranzi. Mere alkaline nesimbi - potassium, yavaibvisa uye necesium, kunyanya - uye nehanya nemwaranzi zvinooneka. Ivowo anoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi rezuva masero cathodes.