Paper akaita namatanda; kubva pazviri chinoitwa

Paper inodyiwa vanhu akawanda. Per munhu ane zana namakumi mashanu makirogiramu pagore. Kubva chii uye sei kuti mapepa, verenga nyaya.

nhoroondo mashoko

Kare kare, muna 105 BC, cai Lun - Imperial mugari China, yakabereka pepa kubva womuonde. Akaita musanganiswa ayo huni, hemp, mamvemve, huni dota uye akawedzera pazviri zvose vakaisa pamusoro sikirini dziome. Zvadaro yaoma gobvu kukwenenzverwa ibwe.

I kuwana bepa kubva huni, Chinese muchekwa cai Lun aiva muvambi zvigadzirwa zvayo wokutanga. Saka kutaura Chinese. Asi vanhu vane maonero akasiyana remasayendisiti. Izvi imhaka yokuti nevanochera matongo kakawanda kuwanikwa China mapepa scraps, izvo dzinoti ambotaurwa kumwedzi.

mbishi zvinhu

Paper anobudiswa kubva huni pulp nezvimwe fibers kuti miriwo mavambo: nomudonzvo, mupunga mashanga, hemp, uye kubva dhende tsvina, tsvina mapepa nezvimwewo. Nokuti kushandiswa huni pulp miti yakasiyana. Wood pulp inogona kugadzirwa nenzira dzakawanda.

Zvinonzi kuonekwa mari zvikuru zvokuimba nzira. The zvebhizimisi kuveza huni unotemwa, zvinoitika mwana. Hazvina yakavhenganiswa nemvura. Paper kubva pulp zvinoberekwa saizvozvi, kusimba, kubudisa mapepanhau kwazviri. High yepamusoro mapepa ane cellulose kuti inotengwa kushandisa makemikari nzira. Kuti aite izvi, matanda racherwa diki Chips. Her arongwe maererano nokukura. Zvadaro achinyatsotaurira kugadzirisa pamwe mishonga uye yakabikwa chaiyo muchina. Shure izvi yakasvinwa akashamba, mauri imwe netsvina vanobviswa. Sezvazvakanyorwa anoshandura bepa zvinhu yainzi huni pulp. Kubva unobereka mapepa kuti magazini, mabhuku, mapepa, vachivhara zvinhu zvakakwirira simba.

Paper yaigadzirwa sawdust nemaoko ake

Sawdust kubva mupaini kana spruce vakazadzwa nemvura uye vakabika chaizvo zuva. The mvura vakanyanyisa caustic pasoda. Nokushayiwa vakadaro, unogona kushandisa kubikira pasoda. Mushure kubika, musanganiswa wakagezeswa nemvura uye akasvina panze. Zvadaro zvakare, sawdust akadira muhari nemvura uye kupfeka moto. Kamwe pamota, pani kure kupisa, ayo kugutsikana wapera ine chisanganiso. Zvachinja pulpy guru dzakafanana kusachinja-chinja.

Nepo machipisi vari yakabikwa, akaita muviri anoiswa pamusoro nhovo, zviri akatambanudzira gauze. Yakabikwa gobvu chadururirwa padenga pepuranga uye vakagovera noruvara pamusoro pepasi. mvura zvakawandisa vachaasvina kupinda sump. Asi nokukurumidza kubviswa mwando inofanira promakivat absorbent jira. Ipapo pepuranga iri inverted uye jira akawana kubva uremu, iri nyore akaparadzaniswa kwazviri.

Sheet vanofanira kufukidza mativi mapepa kana pepanhau uye akaisa pakati mapuranga pamusoro nepavaigona chinhu rinorema. Under kumanikidzwa akadaro, anofanira kuramba kwemaminitsi mashanu. Zvadaro, jira neatly akaiswa pamusoro foil uye waoma muzuva, muchoto, vanza bhatiri.

mamiriro

Paper yakabereka kubva huni anotsanangura pulp, yakabereka kushandisa zvokuimba kugadzirwa nzira. Dzimwe hwaro nezvimwe zvinobva. bepa Izvi zvinogona kuitwa kunyange kumba. Asi ichava chenhando.

Mazuvano pulp rinogadzirirwa nenzira vachishandisa makemikari kwendangariro. For yepamusoro bepa racho sezvamunoita anofanira zvinotevera pakugadzira:

• Sizing hydrophobic, izvo kunotadzisa mashoko neingi papepa. Havazivi kuratidza kuburikidza pamusoro neizvi divi jira. Rakashandiswa rosin sizing namira.
• The nebwe namira kana starch. Nemhaka iyi sohutsve- mapepa kubva huni Kunogara uye husingakwanisi nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana pamusoro payo.
• Kaolin, talc kana choko kuti bepa zvishoma yakajeka uye vawedzere arambe achirema kwayo.

Mhando huni

Zvakaoma uye munyoro. The mhando wamatanda okutanga vakawana kubva softwood miti: vanoondoroka, misipuresi, spruce, Redwood, uye hemlock. Softwood vakawana kubva pakufara-leaved miti: Beech, Maple, poplar, Birch uye nemiouki. In dzinopisa nharaunda - Teak, mahogany uye dema.

Paper kubva nehuni zvipenyu izvi zvikuru anoongwa. Asi ivo, zvinosuruvarisa kukura zvishoma nezvishoma. Vakatema pasi zvinopfuura bereka. Saka, achitsva mumasango emiti inokosha yava duku.

Paper kugadzirwa nhasi

bepa Uyu ndiye rinobudiswa kubva guru nomumwe fibers izvo vakawana macerating cellulosic feedstock. Weight ari kutanga yakavhenganiswa nemvura uye ipapo angaisa chimiro, iyo pajira riya ruchatambanudzirwa. Zvakawandisa mvura drains the, vanobudisa Dries, pepa jira inotengwa. Iri ndiro Chinese mugari cai Lun akasimuka chidimbu ake mapepa rokutanga. Panguva ino, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga anenge zviuru zviviri apfuura, kuchinja zvakaitika.

Nhasi, bepa kugadzira rinoitwa mumafekitari ano vane zvitoro zvikuru, zvokushandisa kuti kuvhiya siyana. Pashure pokugamuchira huni pulp fibers kupa chimiro uye chivako, uhwo bepa zvinhu zviri zvakavhenganiswa adhesives uye Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti. Namira haukwezvi mvura kubva papepa, uye nebwe kunodzivisa mashoko neingi. Paper akaita namatanda inomiririrwa pikicha vanoonekwa, kwete vanoda kurapa kwakadaro kuti kudhinda zvinangwa sezvo ingi asingadi kupararira.

Chinotevera ndechokuti kupenda. Kuti aite izvi, pepa anoiswa vari chisanganiso pamwe pigments kana madhayi. Zvadaro mush zvokudya munzvimbo muchina, anonzi bepa. Mushure zvose kubudiswa matanho iyi muchina uremu kunova rwakapetwa bepa Ribbon iyo inopfuura rollers zhinji, munhu runonditsikirira mvura, imwe - unoomesa tepi, wechitatu - polishes.

Munyaya inotevera danho bepa rwunotumirwa musangano kuti nyoro zvenzara. Ikoko fibers vari degreased uye zvakawanda nekuumbanidzwa. Zvinoguma chakaoma bepa huni chena, akamuputira akakwira pamusoro mabhanzi huru kuti vaende purinda. Ikoko, vari akagura kuti runodiwa kukura.