Mapurasitiki ano, mifananidzo, Mapefiyumu

Polymeric zvinhu - yakakwirira samolecular makemikari ine vakawanda malomolekulyarnyh monomers (zviumbu) zvimwe mamiriro. Kazhinji Polymers inoshandiswa kugadzirwa inotevera monomer zvinoriumba: ethylene, vinyl chloride, vinildenhlorid, vinyl acetate, propylene, methylmethacrylate, tetrafluoroethylene, styrene, urea, melamine, formaldehyde, phenol. Munyaya ino tichakurukura muudzame chii polymeric zvokuvakisa, uyewo avo zvemakemikari uye mumuviri zvivako, kupatsanura uye mhando.

marudzi Polymers

A chepfungwa mamorekuru ino zvinhu ndiyo huru samolecular uremu, izvo unoenderana zvinotevera ukoshi: M> 5 * 103. Compounds pamwe yakaderera pamwero parameter ichi (M = 500-5000), anonzi oligomers. Panguva shoma-samolecular kurema yeimwe idukusa 500. anotevera mhando polymeric zvinhu: chakaita zvokugadzirwa uye zvakasikwa. Ekupedzisira Vanowanzodanwa dzinongoitika rabha, Mika, shinda, asbestos, cellulose, uye t. D. Zvisinei, zvinokosha kuti chakaita zvokugadzirwa Polymers kugara nzvimbo hunhu izvo yaunganidzwa muitiro kwemakemikari kwetunhu yeimwe yakaderera samolecular chechetere. Zvichienderana nzira mukugadzira mukuru-samolecular zvinhu, Munokudzwa Polymers kuti vari kana polycondensation, kana kuwedzera kuita.

polymerization

Izvi ane sangano yakaderera samolecular uremu zvinoumba pamatunhu samolecular uremu kupa ngetani refu. The kwazvo polymerization pamwero - inhamba "Imeri" iri mamorekuru pakati murwiyo. Kakawanda, polymeric zvinhu zvine kubva zviuru makumi ezviuru dzakabatana. Pakazosvika polymerization, zvinotevera yeimwe anowanzoshandiswa: polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polystyrene, polybutadiene, uye vamwe.

polycondensation

Izvi idanho mhinduro, ndiko kubatanidza kana vakawanda dzakafanana monomers kana vaviri akasiyana (A uye B) mu polycondensors (macromolecule) pamwe mawa paumbwe idzi-zvigadzirwa: methyl doro, carbon dioxide, rehydrogen chloride, amoniya, mvura uye and said. Kushandisa vakawana polycondensation silicones, polysulfones, polycarbonates, aminoplasts, phenolics, polyesters, polyamides nezvimwe polymeric zvinhu.

polyaddition

Under izvi kunzwisisa paumbwe Polymers mune vakawanda Kuwedzera zvinoitwa monomeric zvinoriumba ane reactive sangano muganhu, kuti monomers ose unsaturated mapoka (active zvinogara kana kaviri chisungo). Kusiyana polycondensation, polyaddition zvavave kunoitika pasina okuyerera ne-zvigadzirwa. Anokosha basa ruzivo urwu vanodavira achirapa epoxy Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti uye polyurethanes mabiko.

kupatsanura pakati Polymers

In sezvamunoita, zvose polymer zvokuvakisa vari rakakamurwa inorganic, makemikari uye organometallic. Chokutanga izvi (silicate magirazi, Mika, asbestos, Ceramics, etc.) Regai ane mabhomba kabhoni. Ndivo hwaro aruminiyamu oxide, magnesium, nesilicon uye zvakafanana. D. Organic Polymers vanoumba zvikuru zvakawanda kirasi, dzine kabhoni, rehydrogen, senitrogen, sarufa, okisijeni uye halogen. Organometallic polymeric zvinhu - ndivo yeimwe izvo akaumbwa mikuru kunze kweaya akanyorwa ngetani, nesilicon maatomu, aruminiyamu, titanium uye zvimwe zvinhu kuti dzinogona kubatanidzwa pamwe Organic radicals. Hunhu anofambidzana vakadaro havasi kuitika. Zviri kungovimba chakaita zvokugadzirwa Polymers. Typical dzinomiririra boka iri ndivo yeimwe ari silicone hwaro, izvo chikuru cheni inovakwa kubva okisijeni nesilicon maatomu.

Kuti vawane Polymers pamwe kutsvakwa ehupfumi rinowanzoshandiswa mune unyanzvi havasi "vakachena" fuma, uye mubatanidzwa ayo Organic kana inorganic zvinoriumba. Muenzaniso wakanaka ndiwo polymer zvokuvakisa: simbi-mapurasitiki, Washington City Offices, polymer kongiri.

The nemamiriro Polymers

The peculiarity pamusoro zvivako izvi zvinhu nokuda kwavo yakarongeka izvo, akavapindurawo, rakakamurwa marudzi anotevera: Linear-mapazi, Linear, ari spatial samolecular mapoka makuru uye zvakananga geometric hurongwa uye manera. Ngationgororei zvishoma mumwe wavo.

Polymeric zvinhu pamwe Linear-mapazi chivako pane nomuzongoza mamorekuru vane mapazi divi. Polymers kwakadaro zvinosanganisira polypropylene uye polyisobutylene.

Zvinhu ane Linear maumbirwo vane refu kunzvenganzvenga kana wakamonyaniswa kuva akamonyoroka cheni. macromolecules vavo zvikurukuru dzinoratidzwa repetitions nyika imwe STRUCTURAL chikwata kana boka vamapoka makemikari cheni. Polymers vane Linear mamiriro inozivikanwa nokuvapo hwakareba macromolecules vane musiyano nouchapupu ari mamiriro kusungwa pamwe chuma uye pakati pavo. We kureva intermolecular uye namakemikari zvisungo. Macromolecules zvinhu kwakadaro tefa chaizvo. Uye pfuma iyi hwaro polymer ngetani, iyo inotungamira unhu qualitatively itsva: yakakwirira elasticity, uyewo kusavapo brittleness ari vakarapwa mamiriro.

Zvino tinodzidza kuti vakadaro polymeric zvinhu pamwe spatial marongerwo. Izvi zvinhu vanoumba Nokuva mumwe macromolecules simba namakemikari zvisungo zviri transverse negwara. Zvinoguma mambure chivako, iro rine asiri yunifomu spatial afoot framework. Polymers iyi mhando vane yepamusoro kupisa nemishonga uye Rigidity pane Linear. zvinhu izvi ndiyo hwaro vazhinji vasiri esimbi zvokuvakisa.

Mamorekuru Akaoma polymer zvinhu pamwe manera maumbirwo raiumbwa peya nengetani izvo zvakabatana ne makemikari chisungo. Izvi zvinosanganisira silicone Polymers kuti vari pedyo zvakawedzera Rigidity, kupisa kuramba inozivikanwa, uyezve, havaiti kushamwaridzana zvinoita zvokufembedzwa.

The danho Kuronga Polymers

zvinhu ava hurongwa kuti ine amorphous uye crystalline kumatunhu. Chokutanga izvi kunobatsira kuderedza kuomarara, inoita kwakavharwa nenyama polymer inokwanisa guru deformations ane reversible hunhu. The crystalline danho kunobatsira kuwedzera simba ravo, zvakaoma, kwakavharwa nenyama modulus, uye dzimwe parameters, apo kuderedza samolecular mukana wokushandiswa fuma. Nhamba bhuku izvi kunzvimbo zvose zvachose vhoriyamu anonzi ukuru crystallization, sezvamakaropafadzwa kunonyanyisa pamwero (80%) vari polypropylenes, fluoropolymers, mukuru arambe achirema polyethylenes. A repasi pamwero ukuru crystallization vane polyvinylchlorides, polyethylenes yakaderera arambe achirema.

Zvichienderana kwemaitiro polymeric zvinhu pamusoro kudziyisa, vanogona kuva kukamurwa thermosetting uye thermoplastic.

thermosetting Polymers

Izvi chikuru zvinhu vane Linear yakarongeka. Kana neshungu, ivo kunyevenutsa, asi nemamiriro kuchinja spatial uye zvinhu zviri kuchinjwa kuva hwakasimba somugumisiro leakage mune nemakemikari. Mune ramangwana, unhu uhwu anodzokororwa. On ichi musimboti polymeric ematongerwo zvinhu. kudziyisa kwavakazoita hakuiti kunyevenutsa mashoko acho, uye chete kunounza ayo kudzikisirana. Agadzirira thermosetting muvhenganiswa hakuiti kuiparadza kana zvinonyauka saka zviri vaisafanira marara. By kwakadai zvinhu zvinosanganisira epoxy silicones, phenol-formaldehyde nezvimwe Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti.

thermoplastic Polymers

zvinhu izvi kana pakutsamwisana kutanga kunyevenutsa uye kunyunguduka unozotevera kutonhora solidifies. Thermoplastic Polymers kana kugadzira vakadaro havasi chaidzo nemakemikari kuchinja. Izvi zvinoita muitiro zvachose reversible. Zvinhu kwakadai Linear kana mapazi Linear maumbirwo macromolecules, ramakagadzwa pane diki simba, uye hapana zvachose hapana mushonga zvisungo. Izvi zvinosanganisira polyethylene, polyamide, polystyrene, uye vamwe. The mabikirwo polymeric zvinhu zvakadai thermoplastic anogovera gadzira yavo jekiseni Kuumbwa mumvura-kutonhora siyana kuumbwa extrusion, muridze kuumbwa uye dzimwe nzira.

mushonga ehupfumi

The Polymers kunge akadana zvinotevera ezvinhu: zvikukutu, mvura, amorphous, crystalline danho, uye zvikuru kwakavharwa nenyama, viscous kuyerera uye deformation girazi. Kushandiswa kwakapararira polymeric zvinhu nokuda kwavo yakakwirira kuramba siyana kungatikanganisa vezvenhau, akadai yakaomerera acids uye alkalis. Havana kubatwa electrochemical ngura. Uyezve, pamwe kuwedzera samolecular kurema acho ari kuderera kuti solubility mune zvinoita zvokufembedzwa. Uye Polymers tine spatial yakarongeka, kazhinji haana pachena kuti akati zvinwiwa.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Polymers Vazhinji insulators, mukuwedzera, ivo vasiri rinobva zvinhu. Vose vaishandisa STRUCTURAL zvinhu chete vane apasi chafariz conductivity uye kunonyanyisa kupisa vanokwanisa, uye chafariz shrinkage (vanenge makumi maviri nguva mukuru kupfuura simbi). Chikonzero kurasikirwa tightness kuti chisimbiso pamagungano siyana panguva yakaderera tembiricha iri vanonzi vitrification rabha, uyewo musiyano inoshamisa pakati coefficients ose pakuwedzera simbi uye rabha mune vitrified ezvinhu.

zvemaziso ehupfumi

Polymeric zvinhu vane zvakawanda zvokuimba zvivako zviri zvikuru novimba maumbirwo yavo. Kunze ezvinhu ichi, mumwe simba zvikuru zvemaziso ehupfumi kwemashoko angava zvakasiyana zvimwewo zvinoitika. Izvi zvinosanganisira :. Temperature, kakawanda, kwenguva refu, kana mwero vachizvitakudza, zvakaipa akasimbisa mamiriro mhando, kumanikidzwa, hunhu kwezvakatipoteredza, kupisa kurapwa, etc. The peculiarity of zvemaziso zvivako zviri polymeric zvinhu ndiyo simba ravo yakati yakakwirira yakaderera chaizvo kuomarara (sezvo zvichienzaniswa simbi).

The Polymers inogona rakakamurwa zvikukutu, izvo rinoenderana modulus kuti elasticity E = 1.10 GPA (internet, firimu, mapurasitiki), uye munyoro elastomeric zvokunyama, elasticity modulus ndiye E = 1-10 MPa (rabha). Uye mashandiro okuparadzwa zvose akasiyana.

For polymeric zvinhu dzinoratidzwa raidudzwa anisotropy pakati zvivako, uyewo rutapudzo simba, zvinokambaira kukura akapa refu loading. Panguva iyoyo vane kumbonyanya yakakwirira nemishonga kuti kuneta. In tichienzanisa nesimbi, vane zvakawanda simba kutsamira pane zvemaziso zvivako pamusoro tembiricha. Chimwe chikuru unhu polymeric zvinhu chinhu deformability (ductility). Maererano parameter iyi zvakasiyana-siyana tembiricha wokurera kuongorora kwavo zvinhu operative uye kwesayenzi zvivako.

Polymeric zvokuvakisa paburiro

Zvino, funga mumwe pachake kushandiswa chaikwo Polymers, kundizivisa zvose zvinobvira-siyana izvi zvinhu. Izvi zvinhu vakawana paupamhi kushanda pakuvaka uye kugadzira uye kupedzisa basa, kunyanya mune unhani pamusoro pamapuriro. The kukurumbira huru imhaka zvinoitwa nezvinhu zviri mubvunzo: ivo husingakwanisi abrasion, maloteploprovodny, vane mvura shoma Absorção de Água, simba zvakakwana uye makasimba, nhaka yakakwirira unhu pendi. ZvaAtemisi polymeric zvinhu zvinogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zvitatu: linoleum (rwakapetwa), jira zvinhu uye wemisanganiswa mudziyo screed. Zvino ngatimbofungai kutarisa mumwe nomumwe wavo.

Linoleum zvinoberekwa-siyana fillers uye Polymers. sezvamunoita kwavo Angasanganisira plasticizers, yamuro kubudiswa, uye pigments. Zvichienderana mhando polymer zvokunyama, kusiyanisa polyester (Gliphtal), polyvinyl chloride, rabha, kolloksilinovye nezvimwe coatings. Uyezve, havana kusimba rakakamurwa padzakavakirwa uye sound-, insulating hwaro unilamellar uye multilamellar, pamwe kumeso, chemarata uye fleecy nomumativi single- uye multi-mavara.

Tiling zvinhu akaita kwakavakirwa polymeric zvinoriumba, vane yakaderera chaizvo abrasion nemishonga, zvemakemikari kurwisa mukurumari. Zvichienderana rudzi mbishi zvinhu, kwakadai polymer zvigadzirwa akakamurwa kumaronopolivinilhloridnye coumarone, PVC, rabha, fenolitovye, bhitumini usina kukonekita, uyewo PARTICIPLE bhodhi uye fiberboard.

Zvinhu screeds ndivo kupfuura yakakodzera uye Utsanana kushandisa, vane yakakwirira simba. wemisanganiswa izvi zvinogona rakakamurwa Polymer-, polymer kongiri uye polyvinyl acetate.