Import kuzvitsinhanisa - chirongwa ichi imupota kuzvitsinhanisa ...

The Russian upfumi zvino kuwana havasi akatsiga zvikuru nguva. Izvi kunonyanya kukonzerwa mukuru kuvimba wacho mapazi National upfumi kubva kune dzimwe bhizimisi. Panyaya iyi, kubudirira mune zvoupfumi munyika yava kunyanya akakodzera imupota kuzvitsinhanisa. Chii ichi chichiitwa? Ndeupi sectors hwenyika Russia, zviri kunyanya zvakafanira?

tsananguro

Import kuzvitsinhanisa - ndiko, maererano vanhuwo dudziro, mutoo pachiyero National upfumi, iyo inopiwa nokubudiswa anodiwa wechipfuwo mutengi nhumbi vagadziri mauto, kutungamirira mabasa munyika. Izvi zvinogona kuva proactive kana reactive. Kana imupota zvinhu okutanga vanosunungurwa kuitira kuchengeta kubva kukwikwidza vatorwa bhizimisi kudare. In wechipiri, misha iri runoenzanirana zvikamu pamwe vatorwa.

Uyewo, zvose Variants imupota anogona advantageously kuzendamira pamusika zvigadziriswe kana administrative kupindira enyika akasiyana hurongwa. Kana vakabudirira imupota kuzvitsinhanisa rokutanga - ndiko kwakanaka mugumisiro makwikwi. saka Domestic mugadziri kunoratidza kuti mutengi kuti nenhumbi iye inobereka nani uye isingadhuri kupfuura dzimwe nokutengesa. Chance, zvisinei, nezvechisarudzo pasi iyo muitiro chichaitwa nokuda administrative kurambidzwa yemabasa kwakaitwa vatorwa.

Russian Muchiitiko

Mamiriro ezvoupfumi muRussia nhasi ndechokuti munyika yedu, imupota kuzvitsinhanisa zvakakodzera, maererano vaongorori vakawanda, anokosha sectors dzakawanda. Panguva iyoyo vamwe zvikamu zviri runoenzanirana muitiro unogona mberi pane zvakawanda kana zvishoma pamusika mamiriro dzimwe vaburitsi Russian achava mukana nokuda administrative zvinhu. Saka, imupota kuzvitsinhanisa muRussia chinowanzoitika kuitika pasi zvose apa, zvichienderana chaizvo indasitiri.

kurima

Food embago pamusoro West European bhizimisi okurima zvigadzirwa - basa anotikurudzira kuti kukura zvezvipfuwo bhizimisi kuMudzidzisi mumunda. Varimi Russian vakagamuchira isina kumboitika mukana ezvidzidzo pamwero mukuru imupota kuzvitsinhanisa. The mazita zvinhu dzakawira pasi Kurambidzwa imupota, zvikuru paupamhi. dheri ichi zvigadzirwa, uye miriwo nemichero, nyama uye nzungu. Market vanokwanisa vamwe zvikamu zviri kutengeswa turnover pakati Russia uye nyika dzokuMadokero mune zvokurima nemauto vanofungidzirwa pa mabhiriyoni emadhora nyanzvi.

Chokwadi, munzvimbo ino ichava yemakwikwi: zvikurukuru, kugoverwa zvigadzirwa kubva Asia, South America, Africa, uyewo kubva inoti iri Customs Union anogona kuitwa Russia akasununguka - hakuna zvirango chokuremekedza kuMudzidzisi zvinhu ikoko. Asi, pasinei kuvapo ane bhizimisi nzira European okurima zvigadzirwa kuRussia imupota kuzvitsinhanisa mune zvokurima - pakati soro zvainyanya kukosheswa zvoupfumi munguva yemberi iri pedyo. Mubvunzo hombe, nyanzvi dzinoti, ari sei zvinobudirira chichava kudyidzana pakati varimi uye nehoro uchidzidzira.

indasitiri

Nezveshoko yezvinoreva kudiwa dzimwe zvigadzirwa kune dzimwe bhizimisi pamwe vatengi Russian kuzomukazve ainyanya nokuda kuwa Ruble. Zvinhu zvava anodhura. Muzvikamu vazhinji indasitiri, izvozvo akaronga Zvakawanikwa mitengo nokuda zvigadzirwa mukati munyika. Importing, muti, muchina, kana zvimwe redhiyo-zvemagetsi zvinoriumba, kuRussia mugadziri rakatarisana zvakati akura mari, nemichina muzviitiko zvakawanda zvaigoneka nzira imwe - kuwedzera mitengo nezvezvipfuwo vatengi.

Zvisinei, imupota kuzvitsinhanisa ari indasitiri kana totaura muchiitiko Russian, anogona inochera kwete chete dzinovhurika. Kuwa Ruble akaita, maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, kuti pamwero yakanaka basa upfumi. Chokwadi ndechokuti zvirokwazvo depreciation yeRussian mari, vazhinji kugadzirwa yokufambisa uye mubayiro muna dhora nemashoko, uyewo, chokwadi, correlative zvimwe guru nyika mari, akawira chaizvo zvinooneka. The Russian Indasitiri, somugumisiro, zvakava nani kushandisa.

Kana kutarira mishumo Bazi Finance muna 2014 pamusoro nezvemaitiro upfumi, tinogona kuona kuti yekudyidzana zviwedzerwe Russian Federation , maindasitiri kugadzirwa - munenge 1,4%. Nepo GDP, maererano rokutanga nokufungidzira, yakawedzera anenge 0,6% muna 2014. Uyewo, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti kunyange vamwe uncharacteristic zvikuru, zvingava sokuti, nokuti yedu National inogadzirwa zvikamu kunoitika imupota kuzvitsinhanisa. List mishonga kuti uchipinda kubudiswa muna Russia, chimiro, zvikurukuru, mhuri midziyo yemagetsi, zvemagetsi, apo vakawanda vagari vakajaira, zviri kuwanika Asia. Kunyange kune shanduro kuti nhamba idzi zvinokonzerwa ezvinhu Kuwedzera kudiwa imwe chigadzirwa. Uye nekuti iwe ungamirira kuti nechokwadi chinokosha hunhu uyu muitiro.

Import kuzvitsinhanisa muchiRussia indasitiri, saka runoratidzwa munzira mbiri. Chekutanga, ndicho chido yevatengi kuti vawane isingadhuri zvigadzirwa. Chechipiri, ndiwo Kukwezva yeRussian upfumi tichitarisa kugadzirwa mari.

Industry: zvaanoda bhora

Ndepapi ari indasitiri yeRussia kudiwa kupinza kupfuura kukanganiswa? Zvezvisarudzo novimba zvokunze nemigove maindasitiri - muchina Ezvemutauro. In mugove yake kupinzwa, maererano nokufungidzira dzimwe vaongorori - vanenge 90%. The rinorema michini haisi ndoda - 80%. Heavy kuvimba kupinzwa uyewo muchiedza indasitiri - mifananidzo mune dzimwe zvikamu zvayo uye kusvika 90%. In neindasitiri inogadzira mishonga, nedoro akafanana yaigadzira zvokudya.

Achitaura firimu, nyanzvi dzinoti, tinoda pamwero mukuru imupota kuzvitsinhanisa chirongwa dzinongoita rinotsigirwa neHurumende. Kushanda mirayiridzo iyi somunhu wose. Kana vakabudirira chinozoiswa nokuda nomazvo nezviremera, mu mashomanana akatevera zvichibvira, maererano vamwe vaongorori, kuderedza waivako zvichienderana munenge 30%, kana zvichida kupfuura chimwe nechimwe maindasitiri.

IT-indasitiri

Russian ari IT-indasitiri - mumwe uchitsanya muchikura upfumi. Unogona kuonawo chokuti vazhinji IT-zvigadzirwa kubva Russian Federation zvinozivikanwa kwose. Uye nekuti kwedu IT-chikoro zvikuru makwikwi. Zvisinei, sezvo vamwe vaongorori kuti vakaverenga kutsamira yeRussian bhora mashoko michina nokuda dzokumadokero-kugadzira chinhu chinokosha. About 70% usashandisa anoshandiswa inodzidzisa, zvose private uye panguva yemakambani vanochiva ari kusvitsa nokuda dzimwe Developers. Uye vanoita izvi pasinei nokuti kuti zvikamu zvizhinji usashandisa kune nzira kuna Russian, anonzi nenyanzvi dzakawanda, hakusi muduku yokumwe yokutevedzera mu functionality uye unhu.

Mumwe kiyi nharo vachida kushandisa wechipfuwo IT-zvinogadzirisa, vaongorori vanoti kudiwa kubatanidzwa of kuchengeteka zimbabwe in dzakawanda dzebhizimisi zvikamu. Basa emakambani zhinji chokuita chakavanzika date hutachiwana. Vazhinji vatungamiri yemakambani Russian vanowanzopedzisira chokwadi nokushandiswa yokumwe zimbabwe in zviitiko zvakadaro. Uyewo, basa makambani akawanda chokuita kudiwa aine chaizvo ishande Server mugadziriro, izvo dzimwe nguva rinogona chete bhizimisi avo kuti dziri zvakananga Russian Federation.

The runoenzanirana imupota kuzvitsinhanisa chirongwa Russia, nyanzvi dzinofunga ane zvose zvinhu kuti abudirire Implementation. Kunyange yemazuva ano akaoma zvikamu zviri IT-indasitiri, sezvo pave anodawo mugadziriro, programmers kubva Russia ine zvakawanda kupa serimwe rinogona kutsiva Western bhizimisi.

Saka, imupota kuzvitsinhanisa - Maitikiro acho anogona chokuita chero indasitiri. Tava kuziva kiyi shoma. Mamiriro muRussia zvoupfumi kunoda kuti mangwanani imupota kuzvitsinhanisa muzvikamu vazhinji National upfumi, asi kuti pave mune tsika hakusi nyore nguva dzose. Sei? Funga dzinokosha nuances chokuita nechokwadi kuMudzidzisi basa.

matambudziko

Import kuzvitsinhanisa - iri multifactorial, zvakaoma panyaya anobatsira Implementation acho. Kubudirira kwayo Implementation kunoenderana kusarudza vanoverengeka matambudziko nuances chakanangana Russian upfumi. Chii, somuenzaniso?

Kutanga, zviri zvishoma zvikuru, sezvo nyanzvi dzakawanda vanotenda, mabhizimusi Russian kuwana zvikwereti. Chokwadi chokuti zvirango zvavakatemerwa pedyo EU uye US pamusoro makambani akawanda kubva Russian Federation hatibvumiri nokuda kwezvikwereti kumwe izvo kazhinji aibatsira kare. Uyewo, zvikwereti mu Russia hakusi zvinobatsira chaizvo: Central Bank refinancing zvazvingava zvino - 15%, uye awane chikwereti kuna kambani, Ungangove kuti uchakwanisa vari chikamu achava kuti isina pane kukosha ichi. Iva kugadzirwa pamwe profitability, izvo kuchazadza chikwereti kubhadhara nezvirango akadai kwaizova matambudziko.

Chii chingava zvaibvira dambudziko Kuwanikwa chikwereti? Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti mabhizimisi akawanda Russian vaizosvika akasununguka ari pamusika basa mari kana Somuenzaniso, mune asingashumbi guru mari, nokudaro kuwana kuwana zvikwereti yakanaka chikonzero, kana kuti guta yakapa zvichemo pamusoro migove muridzi ne kambani.

nemaonero akadaro, Chokwadi, hariguti mabhizimisi zvose, asi zviri zvichida nani pane kumirira vamwe nhau kubva mumusasa Central Bank. Variants pamwe nehurumende subsidizing zvimwe zvirongwa. Uyewo, mabhizimisi akawanda anogona kuva nzvimbo chokuita kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa zvitsva pasi zvibvumirano pasi pachena zvokuvakisa.

Chimwe chinetso kuti kuitwawo imupota kuzvitsinhanisa kuRussia - kushaya vashandi vakakodzera munyika dzinoverengeka maindasitiri. Muna 1990, vagari vazhinji Russian Federation, kusarudza basa, rinotungamirirwa zvokuyamura nemauto, kuti mabasa. Engineering, vashandi dzakagadzirirwa vakanga kunyanya nevakawanda. Somugumisiro, muzvikamu akawanda nhasi kuperevedza vashandi.

Kugadzirisa dambudziko iri-siyana. The inokwanisika zvikuru - kudzidzisazve. Sezvineiwo, Russian masangano dzidzo yose yakaramba dzakabudirira musayenzi uye mumaindasitiri chawo, izvo zvinogona kusashanda yekudzidzisa dzakasiyana-siyana maindasitiri. Munogonawo - kukwezva vanhu vanobva kune dzimwe nyika, izvo, zvisinei, vanogona kuva kwakaoma nokuda yakaderera mwero Ruble: kwete zvose nyaya muRussia munhu ave nani kushanda. Panguva iyoyowo, hurumende yeRussia atora zvinokosha matanho kurutivi kufambisa kuti immigration munyika. Kunyanya, kuvhurika chepurogiramu kuwana nyore mugari vanhu vane zvinokosha ukama Russia - ukama, mitauro uye tsika.

The International divi

Chimwe zvinogona chipingamupinyi vanobudirira imupota kuzvitsinhanisa - zvinosungirwa Russian Federation iri gadziriro yacho WTO nhengo. Chokwadi ndechokuti nokuda kusaina kuti zvibvumirano dzakawanda nevamwe in sechivako Russia haana kuita zvakawanda kukanganiswa mune zveupfumi dzinotsanagura vehurumende kuti anogona kubatanidzwa Somuenzaniso, kuti adzivirire pamusika yenyika iri zvatinoita kutengeserana nezvavatorwa bhizimisi.

Naizvozvo, nzira kuitira kuti uwane simba kubva hurumende yeRussia haisi kwazvo. Pane kukuru chaizvo - kuti kusada WTO. Zvisinei, sezvataurwa nedzimwe nyanzvi, hurumende pasi magetsi mitemo, ushandiswe muna WTO zvibvumirano, rusununguko chinokosha tikwanise Vhoriyamu zviridzwa kudzivirira zvido mudzimba vaburitsi. Mubvunzo ndewokuti sei zvakakodzera kushandisa iri riwedzere. Somuenzaniso, muna 2015, Russia, sezvataurwa nevamwe vaongorori, anogona kushandisa kodzero kuchinja mutero wazvipira kuitira kuti inobudirira chaizvo nzira kudzivirira anoverengeka zvikamu zviri mudzimba kumusika uye hazviiti kunokanganisa aivapo WTO mitemo.

kubudirira zvinhu

Policy kuti imupota kuzvitsinhanisa kuRussia, pasinei waivapo kunzwisisa, ane rakaisvonaka wokukunda. Izvi imhaka zvinhu zvakawanda. Chokutanga, makambani Russian, kazhinji hapana dambudziko pamwe kuwana zvakafanira pakugadzira zvinhu, zviwanikwa. Chechipiri, kurimwa mari panguva kugadzirwa yokutanga kuRussia muzviitiko zvakawanda vari kudzika pane kumwe, chaizvoizvo, nokuti hama cheapness zvimwe zviwanikwa. Uyewo Russia rakanyatsojeka kokupata magetsi. On zvakanakira muhoro yomuka maererano kuwa Ruble, isu kare. Chechitatu, Russia ine zvinokosha rwokugadzira nezvaanogona. Nepo zviri kuisa tsika vashoma maindasitiri - kunyanya mune yokuzvidzivirira maindasitiri, muna muchadenga kudziongorora. Zvisinei, kana zvichikodzera, maererano vaongorori vakawanda, zvinoita nguva dzose kushandura ichi kana kuti zviitiko zvechiuto ari muhurumende zvekutepfenyura.

basa ehurumende

vakabudirira sei achava zano imupota kuzvitsinhanisa muRussia imwe indasitiri, zvikurukuru pakuti nzvimbo mamiriro. The papi zviremera Russian vakagadzirira kuita zvikuru-zvaidikanwa upfumi ishande? Kazhinji, kuRussia hurumende nzira nyaya imupota zvakakwana zvakakomba.

Zvikurukuru, muna August 2014 chisarudzo Hurumende yeRussia, maererano iyo chivakwa mutsva akasikwa - uhu indasitiri. Chinhu chakaoma kuti sangano uchatenda, - chete kupa mabhizimisi pamwe zvakakodzera chikwereti. Zvinofungirwa kuti mamiriro ezvinhu mune zvikwereti izvi zvakawanda zvinobatsira pane makambani pamwe hunoshamisa vezvokutengeserana bhengi.

Import kuzvitsinhanisa Chirongwa, yakatanga neHurumende, zvinosanganisirawo zvimwe akakurumbira matanho. Somuenzaniso, muna June 2014 hurumende yakatanga mutemo mutsva "On maindasitiri mutemo muna Russian Federation". Mbuva zviri mukati, sezvo nyanzvi dzinoti, unogona kuva hwaro nokuda Implementation ose anokosha inokosha nhungamiro kukura mukugadzira maindasitiri munyika. Industrial kuzvitsinhanisa chirongwa zvainoreva kuRussia, saka, achaiswa chinozoiswa ane kuoneka Kupinda weHurumende.