Aruminiyamu arambe achirema

Panguva ino zviri zvikuru zvakaoma zita resimbi kuti munda kushandiswa aigona kukwikwidzana aruminiyamu. It rinoshandiswa nevatengi nhumbi, uyewo yepamusorosoro mano: izere yataura pavo hazvina musoro nokuda kwakapararira nokuparadzirwa. Chii aruminiyamu zvakadaro kunoshamisa?

Kutanga, zviri chimwe chezvinhu inonyanya simbi panyika nechepasi, uye nezvimwewo zvinhu zvinoda nzvimbo yechitatu (mushure nesilicon uye okisijeni). Zvisinei, zvinoshamisa, kusvikira pamugumo X ini, X remakore rakanga vanokosheswa sendarama nesirivha. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti muna 1889 D. Mendeleev akapa zviyero, midziyo vakaitwa nendarama aruminiyamu. Chikonzero ichi iri chokwadi kuti panguva iyoyo pakanga pasina michina kuti pave simbi iri muindasitiri akamboona. Chete muna 1855 rwaiwanikwa nemakemikari zvinoreva vosmikilogrammovy vara.

Pashure Michina nani, asi ayo chaizvoizvo akaramba chete - makemikari misha kubva mhinduro. Yakanga chete muna 1886, apo muUnited States uye France akanga aronga ane electrolytic nzira inoshandiswa mukugadzira ano. The yakaumbwa cryolite (zvisingawanzoitiki dzinongoitika chicherwa) inowedzerwa alumina, uremu iri vakayambuka zvakananga razvino, somugumisiro pakati electrodes akapfupikisa simbi. Aluminum arambe achirema ndiyo 2.7 chete g / cm3, zvichiita rimwe chete lightest chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi (nokuti enzaniso, kuti simbi arambe achirema substantially mukuru - 7,9 g / cm3). Nenzira, zvose zvacho maererano densities avo vari akakamurwa chiedza uye rinorema. Sezvo dzakananga kukomba aruminiyamu kwava katatu kuvatumwa kuti hwemhangura, uye zvemagetsi conductivity muduku nayo chete hafu, zviri nyore kunzwisisa kuti nei simbi iyi zvinowanzoshandiswa zvemagetsi mapurani.

Waya, matai uye mamwe magetsi zvinhu, zvakaitwa aruminiyamu, haina chete isingadhuri yakagadzirwa ayo yakananga mukwikwidzi, mhangura, asi zviri nyore. Aluminum arambe achirema zvakakwana kusika munhu akasimba uye panguva imwecheteyo panguva epurasitiki zvigadzirwa: kicheni midziyo . (Zviumbwe, nezvikokovonho zvenyama, nembiya), foil mabhanzi nezvezvipfuwo kushandiswa, etc. Zvisinei, sezvo aruminiyamu anokwanisa nyore kuumba alloys nedzimwe simbi dzakawanda, unogona kupa zvaidiwa ehupfumi. Somuenzaniso, imwe chiwanikwa yakavakirwa aruminiyamu uye magnesium vanoonekwa ne mukuru simba (zvose 1% kubva magnesium anofanira kuwedzera simba 30 MPa); nokusanganisa emhangura-aruminiyamu kunoita kuti vawane zvemaziso ehupfumi yo zvimwe mamakisi hwendarira.

The arambe achirema pamusoro aruminiyamu (wakachena) vari matafura zvivako chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi. Sezvo kare akaratidza kuti akaenzana 2.7 g / cm3. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvinokosha kuziva arambe achirema pamusoro aruminiyamu, uchishandisa Masvomhu (semuenzaniso, kana zviri mashoko iyo muviri wakaita). Pane nzira dzakawanda kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, asi rakarurama kupfuura mugumisiro anopa kugovera muviri uremu nokuda inzwi rayo. Kana vakawanda zvose zviri pachena, uwandu oversized zvinhu zvinogona nyore kuwanikwa nokuyera misha Urume (rangarira Archimedes pamwe yokugezera ake). Zviri pachena kuti hazviiti nguva dzose kuti vaite chinhu nokukurumidza kuyerwa, saka nzira iyi haisi nokudenga, kunyange zvazvo anopa rakarurama kupfuura mugumisiro.

Chii kunakidza ndechokuti vaya akawana nguva Soviet Union, yeuka nezvibereko zvizhinji kubva aruminiyamu uye ayo alloys, asi ikozvino vokutanga ukuru akanga aenda, nekuti mutengo simbi iyi yawedzera yekudyidzana. Sei? Izvi imhaka yokuti electrolytic muitiro hwokubereka 1 tani kuti wakaipa aruminiyamu zvakakodzera kushandisa anenge 15-17 000 kilowatt-maawa magetsi (yakananga iyezvino). Zvino iyi regai kurangarira mari zvisingawanzoitiki cryolite, kunyanya kana akanga artificially synthesized.