IAfrica Union (AU) isangano rezvematongerwo enyika rakasiyana-siyana. Zvinangwa, Nhengo dzeMatunhu

Nyika yemazuva ano inharaunda yevanhu vakawanda. Inonyanya kuzikanwa sangano rehurumende yezvematongerwe enyika enyika dzeEurope, seEuropean Union. Nekufananidza nerunharaunda iyi, nyika dzeAfrica dzakasimbisa nzvimbo yavo-yeAfrica Union.

Musi wekusikwa kwesangano

Zuva rokugadzirwa kwesangano harisati rave risiri rakasimbiswa. Nharaunda yenyika inocherechedza zuva rekubatana kwehurumende musi waJuly 9, 2002. Vaya vanobatana nesangano vanofunga musi wekutanga weMay 26, 2001. Sei kukanganisa kwakadaro kwakamuka?

Ichisarudzo pamusoro pekuumbwa kweAfrica Union yakagamuchirwa munaSeptember 1999 pamusangano wekukurumidzira wevakuru veAfrica muRibhiya (muguta reSirte). Gore rinotevera vakagamuchira chiito pakugadzwa kweAU pamusangano weLomé (Togo) uye akazivisa kusikwa kwesungano. Muna May 2001, makumi mashanu-imwe nyika dzeAfrica dzakagadzirisa AU Education Act. Saka zuva rokutanga rakaonekwa.

Chechi 37 OUU Gungano munaJuly wegore rimwe chete muguta reLusaka (guta guru reZambia) rakagamuchira magwaro ezvinyorwa zvinoratidza nheyo dzemitemo uye sarudzo yesangano idzva. Sangano rekusimbisa rakashandurwa neOAU Charter, iro rakaramba riri mutemo wepamutemo wekupera nguva yose kubva kuAOE kusvika kuA (gore rapera). Musi waJuly 9, 2002, musangano weAU wakaitwa kwekutanga, iyo yakaitirwa muDurban (South Africa). Yakasarudza Thabo Mbeki mutungamiri weSouth Africa mutungamiri wekutanga weAfrica Union. Vanhu veEurope vanofunga zuva iri kutanga kwehupenyu hweAfrica Union.

Zvikonzero zvekuumbwa kwesangano

IAfrica Union ndiyo sangano guru rekondinendi yeAfrica. Zvikonzero zvekubuda kwazvo zvakakura kubva mune zvezvematongerwe enyika uye zvematongerwe enyika zvakaitika munyika mushure mekuumbwa kwesangano rekutanga pakati penyika dzeAfrica.

Mushure mokunge vawana rusununguko nemarudzi gumi nemaviri eAfrica muna 1960, anozivikanwa se "Gore reAfrica", misoro yavo yakasarudza kuita pamwe chete kugadzirisa matambudziko akanga amuka. Munharaunda iri kure muna 1963 nyika dzakabatana nekushingaira kwavo mukati mehutano hweSangano reAfrica Unity. Zvinangwa zvekutanga zvezvematongerwe enyika ehurumende ndezvekuti: kudzivirirwa kwehurumende yekuzvimirira uye nzvimbo dzakasununguka dzehurumende, kusimbiswa kwebvumirano pakati penyika dzebumbiro, sarudzo yemiganhu yenyika, kugadzirisa mune zvese zvehupenyu, chinotarisana nekubatanidzwa kwenyika dzakawanda.

Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, zvizhinji zvezvinangwa zvakatemwa zvakaitika. Pamusana pekuchinja kukuru muhutano hwekushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda, mabasa matsva akamboitika kunyika dzeAfrica. Pachikonzero cheOAU, zvakasarudzwa kuti zvigadze munhu anotsiva nechinangwa chitsva. Nhasi mamiriro ezvemari muAfrica zvinoda kutsvaga nzira itsva uye inoshanda yekugadzirisa zvinetso zvinotanga kuitika.

Kusiyana kukuru

IAfrica Union yakagadzira uye yakatanga kushandiswa kwehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika NEPAD (tsamba dzokutanga dzezita rechiChirungu "New Partnership for Africa s Development") - "New Partnership for Africa Development". Purogiramu inofanirwa kubudirira kwenguva refu kwehurumende pamusana pekubatana pakati pavo uye kubatana kwakakwana nemazwe enyika.

Kuchinja kwehutano kubva pane zvinokosha zvezvinangwa zvezvematongerwe enyika kune zvidzidzo zvezvemari, sezvinoratidzwa nhoroondo, zvichave nemigumisiro inogadzirisa mhinduro dzezvinetso zviripo zvekuAfrica. Izvi zvinoreva kusiyana kukuru pakati peOAU neAU. Kukurukurirana kwezvehupfumi hwehurumende kunorongwa pasina kuedza kuchinja sangano rezvematongerwe enyika uye zvekutonga.

Chinangwa chesangano

Chinangwa chikuru ndechekubatanidzwa kwezvemari kune dzimwe nyika dzeAfrica. Kubatana kwezvematongerwe enyika uye zvezvematongerwo enyika, pamwe nekusimbiswa kwehutano kune dzimwe nyika, chinangwa chekuzadzisa chinangwa chekudzivirira huchangamire nekugadzirisa mararamiro akanaka evanhu veAfrica.

Basa guru

Kuzadzisa zvinangwa izvi, mabasa makuru anoonekwa semabasa eAfrica Union anotsanangurwa. Nzvimbo yekutanga ndiyo kukurudzirwa uye kusimbisa kwekubatanidzwa kwenyika dzeAfrica mune zvehupfumi uye zvematongerwo enyika. Nokuda kwekushandiswa kwayo, basa rechipiri rinotarisirwa: kuchengetedza zvinodiwa zvehupenyu hwekondinendi, nekuvakurudzira kune dzimwe nyika. Kubva pakutanga kwekutanga anotevera basa rinotevera, risina izvo zvisingakwanisi kuzadzikisa zvakapfuura: kuchengetedza rugare rweve nyika dzose dzekondinendi nekuchengeteka kwavo. Uye basa rokupedzisira: kukurudzira kuumbwa kwenzvimbo dzezvematongerwe enyika uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Dzimwe Nhengo dzeUnited States

Kusvika iye zvino, African Union inosanganisira makumi mashanu nemana inotaura. Tichifunga kuti nyika makumi mashanu neshanu uye zvishanu zvisinganzwisisiki uye zvichitanga kuzivisa zviripo muAfrica yeAfrica, izvi zvinenge zviri munyika dzose muAfrica. Umambo hweMorocco hahupindi muUnited States hweAfrica muzvinyorwa, nekutsanangura kubvuma kwahwo nekusarudzo kwepamutemo kweUnited States kubatana neWestern Sahara. Marokori inofunga kuti ndima iyi ndeyoyo.

Nyika dziri muAfrica Union dzakanga dzisiri panguva imwe chete. Vazhinji vavo vaiva vatsigiri veSangano reAfrica Unity muna 1963. Mushure mekushandurwa kweOAU, vose vakatamira kuAfrica Union. Muna 1963, musi waMay 25, Union yakabatanidza nyika: Algeria, Benin (pamberi pe 1975 Dahomey), Burkina Faso (tisati ra1984, Upper Volta), Burundi, Cameroon, Congo, Eritrea, Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast (pamberi pe1986, Ivory Coast), Madagascar, Liberia, Mauritania, Mali, Libya, Morocco (yakabva kuUnited States muna 1984), Niger, Rwanda, Senegal, Uganda, Somalia, Sierra Leone, Togo, Nigeria, Tunisia, Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia. Muna December wegumi nematatu wegore iroro, nyika yeKenya yakapinda muOAU.

Kuwedzera kwehurumende kune hukuru hwe

Muna 1964, Tanzania yakapinda muOAU - musi wa16 Mutumbi, Malawi musi wa13 July, uye Zambia musi wa16 December. IGambia yakabatana munaOctober 1965, Botswana paOctober 31, 1966. 1968 yakabatana nemasangano ehurumende nemamwe matatu nyika: Mauritius, Swaziland - September 24, 1968, Equatorial Guinea - Gumiguru 12. Botswana, Lesotho, Guinea-Bissau yakabatana nesangano musi waOctober 19, 1973. Muna 1975, Angola yakabatana mu-musi waFebruary 11, Mozambique, Sao Tome uye Principe yeKapa Verde, Comoros musi wa18 July. Gumiguru 29, 1976 kubatana kwakabhadharwa neSychelles. Djibouti akabatana nedzimwe nyika paJune 27, 1977, Zimbabwe (nyika yevarombo vane mamiriyoni, sezvaanonzi) - muna 1980, Western Sahara - musi waFebruary 22, 1982. Aya makumi mapfumbamwe akawedzera zvakare kuwedzera kwehutano hweSangano reAfrica Unity: Namibia yakasvika muna 1990, musi wa24 Chivabvu 1993 Eritrea yakava nhengo, musi wa6 June 1994, Republic of South Africa. Nyika yekupedzisira yakagamuchira nhengo yekare muAfrica Union musi waJuly 28, 2011, yaiva South Sudan.

Kusiyana kwenyika dzinobatanidzwa

IU inosanganisira nyika iyo mumatambudziko avo ehupfumi nehupfumi ari pamatanho akasiyana ekuvandudza. Ngatitaurei vamwe vavo.

Nyika yeNigeria haisi pasi kune dzimwe nyika muAfrica nzvimbo yekutanga maererano nehuwandu hwevanhu. Zvisinei, inongova panzvimbo yegumi nechina munharaunda yaro. Kubvira muna 2014, hurumende yave yakagadzirwa nemafuta ekufambisa munyika ino.

Guinea-Bissau - imwe yenyika dzine urombo kupfuura dzimwe nyika, yakawanda pakati pevashanu. Zvipo zvakakosha zvemafuta, bhauxite uye phosphate hazvisi kukura. Basa guru rehuwandu hwekugarisa uye kupunga rizi.

Nyika inonyanya kukosha ndeye Senegal. Kubudirira kwezvipo zvegoridhe, mafuta, iron ore nemhangura hazvina simba. Nyika inopukunyuka pane rubatsiro rwekubatsira vanhu inobva kune dzimwe nyika.

Cameroon ndiyo nyika inopesana. Kune rumwe rutivi, iyi ihurumende ine huwandu hwekuchengetwa kwemafuta, iyo inosvika gumi nerimwe kubva kune mafuta anogadzira mafuta muAfrica. Izvi zvinotibvumira kudana nyika nyika inogutsikana. Kune rumwe rutivi, hafu yehuwandu hwevanhu iri pasi peurombo.

Zvinonyanya kukosha

Kukosha kwekukakavadzana kwakagadzikana pakati penyika kwakabatanidzwa pakuumbwa kweshoko rekutanga reAU. Transnational corporations uye vemuElite vanofarira kuwana kodzero yekuva yavo uye kurasa zvinyorwa zvemaminerari akasiyana-siyana munharaunda yenyika dzekondinendi. Kuti kudzivisa kupedzisira kunokonzerwa nharo, mutemo wakagamuchirwa kuti uone hurumende yehurumende yemasangano ehurumende, iyo yavakasimbisa panguva iyo yakawana rusununguko.

Sangano rakazvipa iro kodzero yekutungamirira kupindira mune zvezvematongerwo enyika nhengo dzesangano, kana chisarudzo chacho chakatorwa nechetatu chevanhu vose veSangano reVakuru vehurumende nehurumende. Chisarudzo chakadaro uye kuendeswa kwekutsvaga kweAU masimba kunokwanisika kana kuratidzwa kwekuparadza rudzi kune vamwe vanhu, kuita hupombwe hwevanhu uye mhosva dzehondo.

Tsika uye Innovation

Idzidziso itsva ndeyokuti vatungamiriri vehurumende, avo vauya zvisina kutenderwa kuti vave nesimba, havabvumirwi kushanda muAU. Kune nyika-inopesana nehuwandu hwekuregererwa inotsanangurwa, kutanga kubva kubviswa kwezwi pamusoro peGungano nekupedzisa nekugadziriswa kwekubatana kwezvemari. Izvo zviyero zvinotarisirwa kuwedzera mutoro wevakuru vehurumende.

Pachiitiko chepasi rose, AU inoteerera kumutemo wekubatanidzwa uye kusina kuenzanirana kunoziviswa muChita cheUnited Nations.

Hurongwa hwezviremera

Gungano reVakuru veHurumende neHurumende riri pamusoro pemasimba makuru eAfrica uye rinosangana kamwechete pagore. Dare guru rinotungamirirwa neAU Commission. Nokuti kusarudzwa kweachigaro weAU uye sachigaro wezvisarudzo zveAU Commission inobatwa kamwechete pagore. IOAU ine tsika inoshamisa: mukuru wehurumende umo musangano wacho wakaitwa ndiye sachigaro weAfrica Union. Chimiro chezviremera chinoreva kusarudzwa kweParamende yeAfrica yose (UAP).

Utongi huri kutungamirirwa neUnited Court, iyo nyika yeNigeria yakazova nzvimbo yekugara. Kugadzirisa matambudziko ose-Union, African Central Bank, African Monetary Fund, uye African Investment Bank yakagadzwa. Sezvakakosha, Gungano rine kodzero yekugadzirisa matareji ezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi ekugadzirisa nyaya dzinokurumidza. Saka pakanga pane kubatana panyaya dzehupfumi, tsika dzevanhu uye tsika. Muna 2010, mauto akaumbwa, achitsiva mauto ekutanga emasangano emarudzi akawanda.

Komisheni yeAfrica Union ine nhengo masere. Vakadzi vanoita huwandu hwakawanda (mashanu kubva kune masere). Murairo weUAS unotaurira kuiswa kwevakadzi vaviri pakati pevamiriri vashanu vanomiririra kubva kune imwe nhengo yehurumende yemubatanidzwa.

Lead Lead Center uye Kutungamirirwa kweAfrica Union zviri muEtiopia muguta reAdisis Ababa.

Matarisiro ekufambiswa kweAfrica Union

Zana remakore makumi maviri nemakore rinoedza kudzivisa mamiriro asingatarisirwi, kubhadhara zvakanyanya pakuumbwa nekugadzirwa kwemasimba ehurumende. Nhasi, masangano ehurumende ehurumende ari kuenderera mberi achiva nzvimbo dzekutungamirira miitiro yekugadzirisa matambudziko enyika munguva yedu. Kubatanidzwa kwenyika dzeAfrica, iyo inowanzorongwa sevarombo, inonzi yakabatanidzwa kuedza kubvisa zvikonzero zvekukumbira.

IAU inotsiva mapoka maviri ehurumende dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasiyana-siyana dzaivepo kare isati yaro: OAU uye plant plant nuclear (African Economic Community). Kuitwa kweNPP, yakagadzirirwa kwemakore makumi matatu nemana (kubva muna 1976), haina kukwanisa kubata nemigumisiro yakaipa yekudyidzana kwenyika. Mamiriro aya anonzi neAU.