Sei inoramba iri nezvishoma, mvura uye magasi?

Izvi zvinhu kwete chete aitaura sei zvacho zviri akarongwa nezvishoma, asi sezvo vachifambira mune magasi kana mvura mvura. The Mhando sekristaro lattices dzakasiyana zvinhu zvichange kurondedzerwa.

Physical mamiriro

Kune vamwe zvinodiwa, zvichiratidza kuvapo vatatu mifananidzo in aggregation, kureva zvikukutu, mvura uye gasi.

The zvinoumba nechimwe uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. nehurumende.

1. The nezvishoma vari kushanda kugadzikana pakukura uye chimiro. Yokupedzisira kuchinja zvikuru matambudziko pasina mamwe simba mari.
2. Liquid anogona kuchinja chimiro nyore, asi panguva imwe chete anochengeta vhoriyamu.
3. Gaseous zvinhu kwete kuramba chero chimiro kana vhoriyamu.

Mukuru yokuona nayo zvakatemwa kubudikidza mamiriro aggregation ndiyo nokurongwa mamorekuru uye nzira kufamba kwavo. The gaseous fuma zvishoma kure pakati nomumwe mamorekuru zviri kupfuura ravo. Uyewo, ivo mamorekuru ose emura zvinhu regai ngavapwe pamusoro refu pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu navo uye kuramba nezvadzo. The vanoshingaira inoramba iri nezvishoma vari nenhevedzano, mumwe nomumwe wavo, sezvinoita zvakavamba kuchinja wachi, zvinofamba kumativi imwe pfungwa iri sekristaro napamahwindo. Izvi zvinopa nezvishoma zvikuru simba uye kuomarara.

Saka pane izvi, mubvunzo kudiwa sei kuronga aivapo inoramba iri nezvishoma. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvose, maatomu (mamorekuru) vasiri saka akarayira chivako.

mvura-mvura Features

Zvakakosha kubhadhara ngwariro chaiyo ndechokuti mvura rudzi nhume pakati yakasimba mamiriro muviri wayo gaseous kutotanga. Saka achideredza tembiricha nemvura solidifies, uye kana kumutsa payo kubika pfungwa pafuma zvinoenda gaseous mamiriro. Zvisinei, nemvura ine zvakafanana pamwe hwakasimba uye gaseous zvinhu. Saka, muna 1860, hunonyanya Russian musayendisiti D. I. Mendeleev akasimbisa ariko dzinonzi tembiricha dzinonetsa - Mhedziso Kubika. Ndicho chamunowana iyo haarambi pamuganhu matete pakati gasi uye fuma iri yakasimba mamiriro.

Mangwana chokuratidza, kubatanidza vaviri pedyo modular Hurumende - isotropy. Panyaya iyi, iyo nzvimbo zvakafanana mumativi ose. Crystals, akavapindurawo, muri anisotropic. Saizvozvowo magasi, mvura havana yakamisirwa chimiro uye kugara zvachose Vhoriyamu mudziyo ivo vanogara. Kureva, vane pasi viscosity uye yakakwirira fluidity. Kusangana mumwe, mvura kana gasi microparticles kuti vakasununguka misha. Kare zvaifungwa kuti vhoriyamu maigara mvura, pane yakarongeka kufamba mamorekuru. Nokudaro, mvura uye gasi vanopikisa crystals. Asi somugumisiro zvidzidzo hunotevedzana dzakaratidza kufanana pakati nezvishoma uye mvura.

In nemvura danho ane tembiricha pedyo solidification chafariz kufamba afanane kufamba nezvishoma. Panyaya iyi, nemvura anogona achine mumwe yakarongeka. Naizvozvo, achipa mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu, sezvo zvacho zviri akarongwa nezvishoma mune mvura uye magasi, tinogona kutaura kuti kunyongana kwaiva kumaruwa, disordered pakupedzisira kufamba mamorekuru. asi zvinhu zvakaoma, mamorekuru kugara kakawanda chaizvo, wakaiswa chinzvimbo.

The Urume hazvisi rudzi nhume. The pedyo tembiricha kuti mota, zvikuru iyo mamorekuru kufamba magasi. Kana tembiricha iri pedyo yezwi yakasimba chokutambudzika, ivo microparticles vari kutanga kufamba zvakawanda uye yakarongeka zvikuru.

Changing mamiriro nezvinhu

Funga muenzaniso here nyore, kuchinja mvura mamiriro. Ice - ndiyo yakasimba danho mvura. tembiricha Its - pazasi razero. Pamusangano tembiricha akaenzana zero, chando inonyunguduka uye anotendeuka mumvura. Izvi imhaka kuparadzwa sekristaro yekamuri: kana neshungu zvacho vanotanga kutama. The tembiricha rokuti fuma inoshanduka uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro anonzi utsotso pfungwa (mu iyi mvura akaenzana 0). Cherechedza kuti tembiricha echando achagara kuruoko chete chechetere kusvikira ayo utsotso pfungwa. The maatomu kana mamorekuru nemvura kuchaita sezvakaitwa muna nezvishoma.

Zvadaro, ramba kudziyisa mvura. The inoramba iri nyaya vanotanga kufamba kuzviita chero fuma yedu inosvikira chinotevera pfungwa shanduko mamiriro aggregation - kubika pfungwa. nguva kwakadaro kunoitika panguva yokumbozorora zvisungo pakati mamorekuru dzichiumbwa parutivi kuwedzera sangano - zvino yava vakasununguka zvakasikwa, uye runoonekwa nemvura zvinoenda gaseous chokutambudzika. Muitiro tishandurwe kwenyaya (mvura) kubva mvura chokutambudzika kune gaseous inonzi unovira.

The tembiricha panguva iyo mvura mamota, kubika pfungwa runhare. Nezvedu kukosha ichi akaenzana 100 Celsius (tembiricha runotsamira kumanikidzwa, zvakajairika kumanikidzwa anenge mumwe mhepo). Cherechedza: apo pane mvura zvachose kwave kutendeukira chiutsi, tembiricha ayo anoramba achitsungirira.

The neizvi Kuchinja kwacho mvura kubva gaseous ezvinhu (chiutsi) iri mvura, iyo inonzi condensation.

Uyezve zviri nyore kuona chirongwa nechando - emura Kuchinja (mvura) mu yakasimba chimiro (pakutanga pamusoro apa - ndiro chando). The pezvakaitwa pamusoro apa kubvumira kuti zvakananga mhinduro sei nezvimedu vari akarongwa nezvishoma, mvura uye magasi. The nzvimbo uye Mamiriro mamorekuru ane pfuma kunoenderana ayo ezvinhu aggregation.

Chii zvikukutu? Maitiro microparticles mairi?

Solid - taura ndiyo zvinhu zvakatipoteredza, nevamwe aizoonekawo kuramba kugara chimiro uye kugara hunhu chafariz inofamba pakati microparticles vakaita zviduku nokufamba. The muviri vangava zvikukutu, mvura uye gaseous mamiriro. Panewo mamiriro chechina, izvo nyanzvi ano vanowanzomuitira titi nokuwanda uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. - vanonzi plasma.

Saka, mumutsetse wokutanga, chero fuma kazhinji ane chenguva asingachinji chimiro uye rine kukanganisa nzira zvacho zviri akarongwa nezvishoma. Panguva nemaziso pamwero, unoonekwa kuti maatomu anoumba yakasimba, vari chokuita mumwe nemakemikari zvisungo uye vari sekristaro napamahwindo.

Asi pane zvagara - amorphous zvinhu, zviri yakasimba, asi pamberi sekristaro yekamuri havagoni kuzvirumbidza. Zvinonzi kubvira ichi uye zvinogona kupa mhinduro sei zvacho zviri akarongwa nezvishoma. Physics mumutsetse wokutanga rinoratidza kuti maatomu kana mamorekuru vari zvakachinjikwa nzvimbo. Asi kune chinhu chakafanana kurongeka wechipiri, kwete, uye fuma iyi yakafanana zvikuru mvura.

Physics uye zvichiita sechivako muviri yakasimba

Panyaya iyi, mashoko acho ruchigona kuramba inzwi rayo uye Chokwadi, chimiro. Kureva kuti vachinje zvapedzisira, zvinoitwa zvinofanira kuitwa, uye hazvina basa kuti kana iri nyaya resimbi, nhindi epurasitiki kana ivhu. Chikonzero yacho samolecular marongerwo. Kuti tive kunyatsoenderana kutaura, ari kukurukurirana pamusoro mamorekuru anoumba muviri. Muchiitiko ichi vari dzepedyo. Urongwa hwakadaro pamusoro mamorekuru ndiyo iterative. Ndokusaka masimba kukwezvana pakati nechimwe yenhengo izvi chaizvo.

Nesungano pakati microparticles rinotsanangura hunhu kufamba kwavo. Chimiro kana bhuku muviri ichi chakasimba kuchinja mune rimwe divi kana mumwe zvakaoma chaizvo. nezvimedu chakasimba muviri havakwanisi kufamba randomly yose Vhoriyamu muviri zvakasimba, asi vanogona chete-chinja kumativi imwe pfungwa iri muchadenga. hwakasimba-mamiriro mamorekuru-chinja randomly kwakasiyana-siyana, asi vanogumburwa pamusoro pachayo yakadai kudzokera navo hwepakutanga. Ndicho chikonzero inoramba iri nezvishoma zvinowa- riri mune hurongwa zvachose kunorondedzerwa.

Nezvimedu uye urongwa yavo yakasimba

mitumbi Solid rinogona mhando nhatu: crystalline, amorphous uye chinoumbwa. Ndicho makemikari anoumba kunokanganisa nzvimbo inoramba iri nezvishoma.

Crystalline nezvishoma vane akarayira yakarongeka. maatomu izvi kana mamorekuru dzinoumba sekristaro yekamuri spatial zvakarurama chimiro. Saka, yakasimba, riri crystalline wehurumende, ane dzakananga sekristaro yekamuri izvo, akavapindurawo, kutaura zvimwe zvivako chaiko. Ndiyo mhinduro sei zvacho zviri kurongwa yakasimba.

Heuno muenzaniso: Makore mazhinji akapfuura muSt Petersburg ari yokuchengetera zvinhu kuti abate rwemhuri penya chena mugaba mabhatani, iyo yakaderera tembiricha vakarasikirwa kubwinya kwavo uye chena simbi pfumbu. Buttons anopararira kusvikira vhudzi upfu. "Denda Tin" - vanonzi "chirwere", asi chaizvoizvo akanga ari kugadzirisa sekristaro mamiriro pasi pokudzora tembiricha yakaderera. Tin ari kuchinja kubva chena kuti wachena siyana crumbles kuti upfu. Crystals, akavapindurawo, akakamurwa mono- uye polycrystalline.

Single crystals uye polycrystalline

Single crystals (sodium munyu) - iri homogeneous crystals kuroora aimiririra kuramba sekristaro yekamuri muchimiro dzose polygons. Polycrystals (jecha, shuga, nesimbi, matombo) - vari crystalline miviri izvo akura pamwe chete duku, randomly akagovera crystals. The crystals vaichengeta chinonakidza kuti anisotropy.

Amorphousness: nyaya chaiyo

Amorphous muviri (nebwe, rosin, girazi, rinopenya) havana kubvisa kuzviomesera runyararo urongwa zvacho. nyaya iyi kujairika, chii kuti ndizvo zvacho zviri zvinhu zvakaoma. Muchiitiko chino, pane kutanga pamusoro isotropic zvivako zviri amorphous nezvishoma zvinooneka zviri zvakafanana mumativi ose. Panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha vanova akafanana viscous fluid uye yakaderera - sezvinoita nezvishoma. Kana kwokunze simba panguva imwe chete kuratidza kwakavharwa nenyama ehupfumi, i.e. mitswi kana akarova vakasiyana nezvimedu sezvo zvinhu zvakaoma, uye fluidity: tembiricha iri kwenguva refu kuona anotanga iyerere sezvinoita mvura. Haufaniri kuva maringe utsotso uye crystallization tembiricha. Kana neshungu, akanyevenutsa amorphous muviri.

Mienzaniso amorphous zvinhu

Somuenzaniso, vanhuwo shuga uye kuona nzvimbo inoramba iri nezvishoma mune zviitiko siyana muenzaniso wake. Panyaya iyi, mumwe chete zvinhu kunogona kuitika munguva crystalline kana amorphous chimiro. Kana shuga wakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma solidifies, ivo mamorekuru zvinoumba yakarurama misara - crystals (tafura shuga kana shuga). Kana unonyauka shuga Somuenzaniso, kudirwa mvura inotonhora, kutonhora zvinoitika nokukurumidza, uye inoramba havana nguva kuti aumbe dzose mitsara - the uchanyangadika solidifies pasina nokuumba crystals. Sezvazvakanyorwa anoshandura shuga zvihwitsi (iri asiri crystalline shuga).

Asi pashure penguva yakati, mumwe fuma inogona recrystallized, zvacho aunganidzwa mune dzose pemitsara. Kana shuga zvihwitsi pasi kwemwedzi inoverengeka, zvichava kutanga akafukidzwa ne nzenza rukoko. Sezvo crystals rionekwe. Sugar vachava mishoma kumwedzi, uye kuti ibwe - mamiriyoni emakore. muenzaniso nedzimwe kabhoni. Graphite - a crystalline kabhoni, ayo layered mamiriro. A nedhaimani - ndiyo chakaomesesa chicherwa panyika, anokwanisa kucheka girazi uye akaona mabwe, rinoshandiswa kuti kuchera uye pakuonekwa. Muchiitiko ichi rimwe fuma - kabhoni, asi chinhu kukwanisa kuumba zvakasiyana crystalline siyana. Ichi chimwe mhinduro kwakaita zvacho zviri kurongwa yakasimba.

The results. mhedziso

Marongerwo urongwa zvacho zviri zvinhu zvakaoma kunoenderana kuti mhando muridzi fuma iri mubvunzo. Kana fuma iri crystalline, nzvimbo microparticles ichasakara zvakarongeka. The amorphous maumbirwo yakadaro rutivi haisi nhaka. Asi chinoumbwa vanogona kuva wokutanga uye rechipiri zvose muboka.

Mune imwe nyaya, nemvura achiita saizvozvo hwakasimba (yakaderera tembiricha, riri pedyo crystallization tembiricha), asi vanogona kutungamirira uye gasi (kana nokuwedzera). Saka, muna zvayakaita zvinhu izvi zvaionekwa sezvo zvacho dziri kwete chete nezvishoma uye mune zvimwe zvinhu inoti zviri aggregation nevamiririri.