Double munyu: mienzaniso uye mazita

Munyu akakamurwa nepakati, acidic, zvinokosha, kaviri uye zvakasiyana. Vose vari zvikuru kushandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, asi kunyange zvakawanda - iri indasitiri. Kunzwisisa munyu kupatsanura runoita kunzwisisa zvinokosha kemisitiri.

Kuti aitsaura sei munyu

Ngatiteererei kutanga tsanangudzo munyu. Ndivo makemikari umo iine acid vakasara dzinoenderana resimbi atomu. Kusiyana nemamwe makirasi zvinhu, munyu nokuti kwese Ionic namakemikari chisungo.

Nhengo dzekirasi ichi vanokamurwa muzvikwata dzakati chaizvo unhu.

Muzvarirwo munyu

Avhareji munyu ayo sezvamunoita vane chete vamwe simbi cations uye acidic vakasara. Somuenzaniso, yeimwe yakadaro inogona kutaurwa yavaibvisa chloride, potassium sulfate. boka iri kuonekwa Inonyanya kubata pasi goko. Pakati nzira dzavo gadziriro chitsamba neutralization muitiro kuitwa pakati asidhi nechigadziko.

asidhi munyu

Ichi boka yeimwe chinosanganisira simbi, rehydrogen uye iine acid vakasara. Kuumba zvakafanana yeimwe polybasic asidhi: phosphoric, sulfuric, carbonic. Somuenzaniso, imwe iine acid munyu ane zvikuru muupenyu hwezuva nezuva, anogona kutaurwa yavaibvisa bicarbonate (bicarb). Kwakadaro zvinhu yaunganidzwa maitiro pakati asidhi uye munyu svikiro.

zvinhu munyu

simbi cations varipo vari yeimwe izvi, kuti hydroxyl boka uye anions yacho iine acid moiety. Mienzaniso chikuru munyu ndiyo karusiyamu hydroxychloride.

vakavhengana munyu

Double munyu chinorehwa kuvapo simbi mbiri iyo ichatsiva rehydrogen mu acid. Paumbwe zvinhu yakafanana sezvamunoita hunhu polybasic acids. Somuenzaniso, yavaibvisa potassium carbonate varipo maviri chete kushingaira simbi. Dual vakavhengana munyu vane ukoshi nokuda makemikari indasitiri, zvikuru kushandiswa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva.

Features yakavhenganiswa munyu

Double munyu pamusoro potassium uye yavaibvisa huri hunhu kwakaita sylvinite. Kugonawo wezvamatongerwe vakavhengana potassium-aruminiyamu munyu.

Mixed (double) munyu ndiwo yeimwe iyo ine anions siyana kana cations. Somuenzaniso, imwe mishonga waro sezvamunoita ane anion hypochlorous uye hydrochloric acid.

Kufarira zviri hunyambiri Ammonium munyu. Vakawanda vakawana pfuma rinoshandiswa senzira fetiraiza.

Kugadzirira miviri munyu pamusoro Ammonium rinoitwa nevanhu zvokuverengera amoniya pamwe polybasic acids. Diammonium akabvunza ari zvaAtemisi murazvo retardants (murazvo retardants). Double munyu ane hapana netsvina zvaida ari mishonga uye zvokudya Mazinga.

Industrial kukosha ammoniytsinkovye, magnesium phosphates. Nokuda kunyora nezvavo solubility mumvura, munyu dzakadaro ishande retardants basa iri pendi uye mapurasitiki.

Izvi miviri munyu ndiwo yakakodzera impregnation kuti machira namatanda yaidzivirira hukawanika pamusoro unyoro. Simbi aruminiyamu Ammonium phosphates - zvakaisvonaka nzira kuchengetedza simbi hurongwa kubva ngura dzinongoitika kwendangariro.

Mienzaniso miviri munyu ane waishandiswa rinoreva kunogona simbi uye zinc. Ivo maberekero pasi kuti mbiriso kukura kudiwa iri kugadzirwa remachisa, kuputira zvinhu, Mika.

mutambo

Dual Ammonium munyu vari vakazvigadzirirwa chafariz saturation kuti phosphoric asidhi uye amoniya vamwe alkali. Industrial mubereko dimmoniyfosfat. Zvinonzi zvinoberekwa chafariz Mabatirwo amoniya pamwe phosphoric acid. Nokuti anobudirira nzira kwacho kunoda tembiricha kuti kunhivi 70 Celsius. Nzira kunosanganisira paumbwe imwe kunayisa pamusoro aruminiyamu phosphate nedare, riri zvayo maindasitiri kushanda.

Vamwe zvinetso vakavirikidza munyu mazita nokuti kuti dzine saka iine acid vakasara kana maviri cations.

Magniyammoniyfosfat kudiwa ari makemikari indasitiri, uye saka nzira yaro zvakasikwa vane unhu. Neutralizing nokuripisa amoniya gasi dzokubudisa phosphoric acid, iyo kusanganiswa magnesium phosphate.

dzakaoma yeimwe

Pakati kunzwisisa uye kaviri munyu, pane zvimwe kusiyana. Ngatiedzei azive zvaiva zvakaoma munyu. sezvamunoita yavo rinoratidza kuvapo kunzwisisa Ion, riri mumabhuraketi. Kuwedzera yeimwe yakadaro varipo complexing (nechepakati Ion). Iye akapoteredzwa zvacho, makatumidzwa ligands. For munyu kunzwisisa kunoratidzwa stepwise dissociation. Pazuva rokutanga Danho iri paumbwe kunzwisisa Ion sechinhu nokuo- nga kana anion. Uyezve, pane zvishomanana dissociation pamusoro zvakaoma Ion pamusoro nokuo- nga uye ligands.

Features munyu Nomenclature

Kwakapiwa kuti kune marudzi akasiyana akawanda munyu, avo Nomenclature mhindu. For svikiro munyu zita iri vanowanika inobva anion (chloride, sulfate, nitrate), kuti icho akawedzera musoro Russian simbi. Somuenzaniso, CaCO3 - ndiyo karusiyamu carbonate.

The iine acid Kuwedzera munyu dzinoratidzwa hydro- inomunyaradza. Somuenzaniso, KNSO3- potassium hydrogencarbonate.

Nomenclature zvinhu munyu kunosanganisira kushandisa hydroxo inomunyaradza. Saka, mumwe munyu Al (OH) 2Cl inonzi aruminiyamu digidroksohlorid.

Kana rokuremekedza kaviri munyu ine cations maviri, kutanga kupa zita anion, ipapo nyora zvose simbi dziri mukomboni.

More mazita kunzwisisa zviri yo kunzwisisa yeimwe. In kemesitiri pane chikamu chinokosha kuti anobata nokudzidza munyu kwakadaro.

Kana isu ongorora ehupfumi akasiyana vamiririri miviri munyu panyama, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti vakasiyana yekudyidzana mano avo mudutu mvura. Pakati miviri munyu mienzaniso zvinhu vane solubility wakanaka Somuenzaniso, yavaibvisa chloride, potassium. Pakati zvishoma soluble yeimwe zvinosanganisira kaviri munyu pamusoro phosphoric uye silicic acids.

By kwemakemikari ehupfumi miviri munyu akafanana dzose (paavhareji) inokwanisa kuita pamwe acids, dzimwe munyu.

Nitrates uye Ammonium munyu vari thermally yaora, achiumba akawanda kuita zvinhu.

Kana electrolytic dissociation pamusoro yeimwe yakadaro kunogona kuwanikwa Zvakasara anions uye simbi cations. Somuenzaniso, kuora ari ions pamusoro aruminiyamu potassium sulfate, mune mhinduro inogona kuonekwa aruminiyamu uye potassium cations uye sulphate - ions.

Kuparadzana wemisanganiswa ose munyu

Kwakapiwa kuti zvepanyama zvicherwa zvine chete simbi mbiri, panodikanwa kuti kuvaparadzanisa. Pakati dzakawanda nzira kuparadzanisa musanganiswa munyu zvinogona dzoga fractional crystallization. nzira iyi kunosanganisira rokutanga kunyunguduka miviri munyu, unozotevera nokupesana yawo zvakasiyana yeimwe, ipapo crystallization. Kwakadaro musiyano wezvinyorwa Kuparadzana wemisanganiswa chokuita zvechadenga zvinhu zvinooneka. Kana anoparadzanisa musanganiswa namakemikari nzira, reagents vanosarudzwa kuti vari yepamusoro mamwe cations kana anions. Pashure kunayisa vamwe zvikamu miviri munyu kunayisa chinobviswa.

Kana zvakakodzera, kuparadzana chinhu ternary ezvinhu umo pane yakasimba chokutambudzika, uye ino emulsion iri kuitwa centrifugation.

mhedziso

Double munyu akasiyana nemamwe marudzi munyu kuvapo muna yokuita zvacho zviviri. In yakaisvonaka chimiro, yeimwe yakadaro kashoma kushandiswa kunyanya avo yepakutanga vakaparadzana nevanhu panyama kana makemikari nzira, uye akabva ashandisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana maindasitiri kugadzirwa. The miviri munyu akashandiswa makemikari indasitiri seinokonzera munhu muzvizhinji kuti vaitsvaka makemikari.