Ngura nemishonga simbi. Steel mamakisi: GOST. Stainless Steel - mutengo

Gore negore nokuda ngura akarasikirwa chaizvo nesimbi. Zvisinei, kunyange mukuru inovapo kuti kukundikana simbi zvinhu pamusana ngura kurwiswa. Mari inodiwa kuti yokutsiva zvikamu kana Nokuraramisa zvokushandisa, motokari, gungwa uye rwizi midziyo, midziyo inoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri, nguva zhinji kupfuura mutengo emashoko akaenda kugadzirwa yavo.

Panewo chinokosha zvisina kunanga varasikirwa. Kune vaya zvinosanganisira Somuenzaniso, leakage negasi kana mafuta kubva ngura Mapaipi, zvokudya spoilage, kuparadzwa chivakwa zvivako uye zvakawanda. Naizvozvo, kudzora simbi ngura hwatakazvarwa.

Nei kuparadzwa esimbi zvinhu?

Asati akatendeuka mubvunzo kuti ngura nemishonga simbi, ngationei kubata pfungwa ngura uye musimboti kwacho.

Translated kubva muchiLatin corroder - kungatikanganisa. Zvishoma vaingoerekana disintegration chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi dzavo alloys, kunoitika pasi pokudzora makemikari kwezvakatipoteredza, inonzi ngura. Chikonzero kukundikana ichi ndicho makemikari maitiro (redox maitiro) pamusoro esimbi zvinhu ane gaseous kana mvura unosvikirwa dzavakasiyana dziri.

Chii ngura nemishonga steels uye alloys?

Stainless uye kupisa tichidzivisa simbi kana alloys dzaizopiwa dzokushandisa kungatikanganisa runyararo panguva yakakwirira kana kwomuzvarirwo tembiricha. Naizvozvo, mukuru chinodiwa kuti zvinhu zviri boka iri - kupisa kuramba (kurwisa kune gaseous svikiro kana mukuru tembiricha mhute) kana ngura kuramba (kugona zvinobudirira kurwisa Kuparadza zvinhu panguva zvavo tembiricha).

Ngura nemishonga chinoratidza Hardware, iyo yakaumbwa nechepamusoro passivation firimu yakasimba mune kungatikanganisa ezvinhu, izvo kunotadzisa kuti kupinda munzvimbo zvakadzika akaturikidzana nesimbi uye vakaita navo hasha zvinhu.

Nemamwe mashoko, ngura nemishonga simbi - imwe simbi ane kuramba intergranular zvemakemikari, electrochemical nezvimwe ngura.

makemikari anoumba

Metal ehupfumi takatsunga ne kwayo makemikari anoumba. Kana zviri 12-13% chromium simbi anova Stainless, kuti akatsiga mumhepo uye zvemakemikari runyararo. Kuwedzera chromium tigutsikane 28-30% inoita kugadzikana mune kungatikanganisa runyararo.

Other zvinhu zvinoshandiswa doping zvinosanganisira manganese, aruminiyamu, titanium, nickel. Rinonyanya kushandiswa alloys, Zvinoumba iwo nickel zviri 10% chromium - 18%, carbon - kana pakati 0.08 uye 0,12% titanium - 1% (12X18H10T - ngura nemishonga simbi, GOST 5632).

Kupatsanura kubudikidza mhando microstructure: austenitic Stainless simbi

ichi kirasi nemishonga kungatikanganisa richifanira yakawedzera alloying zvinhu nickel (kubvira 5 kusvika 15%) uye chromium (15 kusvika 20%). Austenitic alloys basa intercrystalline ngura, akapa kuti kabhoni tigutsikane mavari achava duku pane nomuganhu wayo solubility mu austenite (0.02-0.03% uye zvishoma). Nonmagnetic, zvakanaka pachena kuti nomoto, chando uye kupisa deformation. Kuva zvakaisvonaka processability. Zvakanaka kuti zvaAtemisi simbi zvinhu fasteners, welded zvivako uye mafomu mumaindasitiri siyana.

martensitic mamakisi

Stainless steels vanobatanidzwa mune martensitic mukirasi angave rinobva uye dzine - achienzaniswa austenitic - zviratidzo zviri kunonyanyisa pokuoma. Nokuomesa zvinoitwa richipedza uye tempering. Unonyatsokodzera kugadzirwa zvinhu vaida kushandisa munharaunda pamusoro svikiro uye simba zvikuru (semuenzaniso, vanoverengeka zvibereko yaigadzira zvokudya kana kuti mukugadzira chisvo mashizha mano).

ferritic mamakisi

At yakakwirira ngura nemishonga ehupfumi pamusoro zvidzidzo izvi akafanana shoma kabhoni steels. Avhareji chromium zviri 11-17%. Akashandiswa pakuburitswa weimba midziyo yemagetsi, dzidziso dzekuvamba purani decor kicheni nemidziyo.

Austenitic-ferritic kirasi

Ngura nemishonga Stainless simbi mukirasi iyi Munokudzwa akaderedza nickel kugutsikana uye chromium kugutsikana mwero mukuru (21 kusvika 28%). Sezvo mamwe alloying zvinhu protrude niobium, titanium, uye mhangura. Mushure kupisa kurapwa nhamba ferrite uye austenite - anenge munhu mumwe.

On simba austenitic-ferritic steels, austenitic kupfuura kaviri. Saka vava ductile, zvakanaka kukunda kuvhunduka mitoro vane pasi azvipire mupfungwa-ngura cracking walnut uye yakakwirira kuramba intergranular ngura. Akakurudzira zvokushandisa pakuvaka, kugadzira, nokuti mukugadzira zvinhu kuti apinde nevanhu yomugungwa.

Austenitic, martensitic mamakisi

The chromium zviri 12 kusvika 18% nickel, - kubva 3,7 kusvika 7.5%. Zvimwe zvinhu - chromium uye aruminiyamu. Kuomesa kuburikidza richipedza (T> 975 ° C) kwaizotevera tempering (T = 450-500 ° C). Austenitic-martensitic Stainless simbi welded zvakanaka asi vane yakakwirira zvemaziso ehupfumi.

Stainless simbi: mutengo (zvinhu kukanganisa paumbwe)

The Kuronga ngura nemishonga simbi dziri anodhura alloying zvinhu zvakadai chromium, nickel, titanium, molybdenum. mutengo wavo mubvunzo mukumisa mutengo. Sezvo dzimwe pezvitsiga (kabhoni, STRUCTURAL, bhora unobereka, chishandiso, etc .. D.) vanoumba okunze akanyorwa zviduku zvikuru kwazvo, zvichienzaniswa navo mari ngura nemishonga steels nguva dzose dzakakwirira. Zvisinei, mutengo dzingasiyana zvichienderana pamusika mamiriro uye mari inodiwa kuti pagadzirwe Stainless simbi.

zvemaziso ehupfumi

Brand Stainless steels kuva zvemaziso ehupfumi kuti asangane mitemo kuti mukugadzira. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• kunonyanyisa neukukutu Brinell (HB);
• elongation (%);
• zvipirei simba (H / mm ^2);
• Musodzi Nemishonga (H / mm ^2).

Pashure kugadzirwa nechimwe batch mangé (utsotso) kuti chinokosha zvigadzirwa iri zvazvakaipira pamusoro zvemaziso zvivako uye microstructure pamusoro GOST simbi inotakura. Kunobva Murabhoritari kuongorora ivhu raanotaura gwaro iri mukugadzira.

Notation simbi vapase

yakakura zvakasiyana-siyana alloys uye steels anowanika munyika dzakasiyana. Panguva iyoyo hapana achiri hapana dzakawanda nyika chiratidzo.

MuUnited States, zvinoita inoshanda akawanda notation enyika. Izvi nokuda vakawanda nemasangano mitemo (AJS, ANSI, ACJ, SAE, AWS, ASTM, ASME), anosika zvimwe zvinetso kuti vamwe, bhizimisi uye vatengi hwendarira zvibereko US vagadziri kubva kune dzimwe nyika.

MuJapan simbi anozivikanwa nemabhii uye nhamba zvinoratidza kwavo bhendi (yakaderera-chiwanikwa, mukuru-chiwanikwa, anokosha chinangwa alloys, srednelegirovannye, yepamusoro, yepamusoro uye said.), The kutevedzana nhamba mairi uye zvivako zviri simbi.

Munyika yose European Union rokuti anoita mureza EN 27 100, izvo anosarudza uchitanga iyo basa zita uye Serial nhamba.

The Russian Federation kwakasimbiswa ane alphanumeric wemuTesitamende Soviet Union, zvichienderana izvo akasarudzwa steels. Standard prescribes tsanangurai nomumwe alloying maatomu akafanana, chikamu simbi Russian tsamba guru.

Nokuti manganese ndiye H, Si - C, chromium - X, Ni - H, molybdenum - M tungsten - B vanadium - F, titanium - T, aruminiyamu - Yu, niobium - B, Co - K, zirconium - C, Boron - R.

Nhamba dzinotevera tsamba inoratidza zviri alloying zvinhu somunhu chikamu. Kana simbi nziyo rine asingasviki 1% of alloying chinhu, nhamba haina Zviine, pane imwe zviri 1 2% mushure tsamba vanopa 1. Said kutanga digit nhamba inodiwa kunan'anura avhareji kabhoni kugutsikana mune hundredths ane muzana mukati sezvamunoita kugiredhi.

Kuwanda zvigadzirwa kugadzirwa kubva Stainless simbi

Ngura nemishonga hwendarira rakashandiswa pagadzirwe zvinotevera zvigadzirwa:

• kubatwa thermally chinopinda uye yakabwinyiswa machira;
• netravlenyh thermally zvakaipa machira;
• uye thermally untreated netravlenyh machira;
• heat-, cold- uye hot-akakungurusa musono pombi ;
• hot-akakungurusa simbi rinoparadza talk chinangwa;
• calibrated hexagons;
• Madenderedzwa ane Stainless simbi;
• Stainless waya (kupisa zvakaipa uye chando-wakavhomorwa);
• castings chaizvo ehupfumi;
• forgings;
• dzimwe mhando, raikura ehurumende mitemo uye hwokugadzira kutungamirirwa (TU).

zvoupenyu chikumbiro

Somumwe chakanakisisa simba ivhu, aesthetics, kurwisa kune simba rokuparadza ngura uye yakakwirira tembiricha kuti suitability kuti marara uye mukurumari kushanda, wakati akasangana zvose utsanana zvinodikanwa yokuisvonaka pamusoro kurapwa, ngura nemishonga hwendarira zvinowanzoshandiswa zvinenge muminda yose veimba uye zvoupfumi basa.

Stainless simbi iri kumusoro kudiwa ari petrochemical, zvemakemikari, pulp nebepa, chikafu maindasitiri, kuvakwa maindasitiri, simba maindasitiri, shipbuilding uye zvokufambisa engineering, mudziyo nokugadzira nzvimbo kudzivirira zvakatikomberedza.

Kushanda uye mukurumari mishonga kubva Stainless simbi, zvikaonekwa kuita kirasi iyi hachizi, kunzwisisa physicochemical zvivako uye nemamiriro microstructure. Kushandisa nesimbi husingakwanisi kukuvadza ngura, zvichinyatso enderana ehupfumi dzavo, tinokwanisa kushandisa zvose chisingarambiki zvakanakira yazvino.