Soviet yefizikisi Igor Kurchatov: Biography, dzinonakidza facts, mapikicha

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich aiva baba Soviet simba renyukireya indasitiri. Iye rwakaita basa rinokosha mubasa rokusika uye kukura renyukireya murunyararo uye panguva pakuguma 1940s akatungamirira kukura wokutanga Soviet mabhomba bhomba.

Nyaya muchidimbu rinotsanangura upenyu nzira yakanga Soviet yefizikisi Igor Kurchatov. Biography vana zvichava zvikuru dzinonakidza.

muduku yefizikisi

January 12, 1903 mumusha Simsk Plant (zvino SIM) ari Urals akaberekwa Igor Kurchatov. nyika - Russian. baba vake, Vasily (1869-1941), panguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzakashanda sezvo mubatsiri forester uye nyika pachivakwa. Amai, Mariya Vasilevna Ostroumova (1875-1942), aiva mwanasikana womupristi yemo. Igor aiva wechipiri vana vatatu: Hanzvadzi yake Antonina aiva wedangwe, uye mukoma wake Boris - a mudiki.

Muna 1909, pashure pokunge mhuri yakatamira Simbirsk Simbirsk vakatanga kudzidza panguva jimunasiyamu, apo Igor chikoro chepurayimari. Makore matatu gare gare, pashure kutamira kuCrimea nokuda mamiriro eutano hanzvadzi, Kurchatov hwakatamisirwa Simferopol jimunasiyamu. Pakutanga, mukomana wacho achiita zvakanaka anenge nokuranga vose, asi pashure kuyaruka ndakaverenga bhuku iri wefizikisi uye engineering, wefizikisi akasarudza basa hwake. Muna 1920, apo kushanda masikati uye kudzidza kuchikoro usiku, Igor akapedza kudzidza Simferopol jimunasiyamu ane menduru yegoridhe. Mugore iroro akapinda Tauride University.

rusununguko chiito

Igor Kurchatov (Photo inoratidza gare gare munyaya) aiva mumwe yakanakisisa weDhipatimendi wefizikisi uye masvomhu. Kufambira Mberi kudzidza, iye mumwe mudzidzi atarisire imwe yunivhesiti wefizikisi yezvirwere uye akapiwa rusununguko kuitisa kuedza. Kubvira kuedza izvi Kurchatov akadzidza kukosha kunzwisisa zvinoreva empirical uchapupu hunotsigira yesayenzi maonero, izvo chaizvo zvimwe zvidzidzo zvake. Muna 1923, Igor kudzidza payunivhesiti aine dhigirii wefizikisi, vakapfuura nzira-gore mana kwemakore matatu.

Kufambira muna Petrograd

Kusvika nokukurumidza muna Petrograd, akapinda Polytechnic Institute kuva wengarava mapurani. Sezvakaitika Simferopol, Kurchatov vaifanira kushanda kuti vazviriritire uye kudzidza. Akanga akabvuma kuna Magnitometeorologicheskuyu Observatory muna Pavlovsk, izvo akamutendera kuwana chokurarama nacho uye kuita chii paanoda. Sezvo basa Observatory akatanga kutora nguva yakawanda, Kurchatov shure muzvidzidzo zvavo uye yechipiri kwetemu I akakanda Institute. Kubvira ipapo, iye akasarudza kunyatsotora wefizikisi.

Pashure basa, mumwe mutsvakurudzi panguva Baku Polytechnic Institute muna 1924-1925 gg. Igor Kurchatov akanga chinorondedzerwa muna Zvokunyama-Technical Institute muna Leningrad, akamira pamberi nokudzidza wefizikisi uye michina iyoyo iri USSR. Panguva iyoyowo, iye 1927 akaroora Marina Dmitrievna Sinelnikova uye aishanda ari mudzidzisi pa weDhipatimendi zvokuimba wefizikisi of Leningrad Polytechnic uye panguva Pedagogical Institute. Pano akapedza makore ake yakanakisisa uye akaita zvimwe ake zvakawanwa inokosha.

Igor Kurchatov: pfupi Biography of musayendisiti

In kwema1920 - mangwanani 1930s Kurchatov kufarira chokwadi ipapo ainzi ferroelektrichestva - kudzidza zvivako uye maitiro siyana zvinhu pasi zvinoitwa Magetsi. Zvidzidzo izvi zvakaita kuti pave semiconductors uye akavhomora pfungwa dzake wefizikisi zvenyukireya. Pachapera kuedza pamwe beryllium nemwaranzi, misangano uye tsamba piyona sayenzi iyi Frederikom Zholio muna 1933 Kurchatov vakatanga basa zvibereko kudzora simba atomu. Pamwe chete nemamwe vanotsvakurudza ruzivo, kusanganisira Boris munin'ina, iye anoita budiriro iri kudzidza isomeric nuclei, radioactive bromine isotopes kuti nhaka chete uremu uye sezvamunoita asi muviri maitiro zvakasiyana. basa iri kwakaita kuti vafambire mberi mukunzwisisa mabhomba sechivako munharaunda Soviet nesayenzi.

Panguva iyoyowo (1934-1935). Kurchatov pamwe masayendisiti kubva Institute of Radium (yesayenzi uye rokudzidzisa sangano yakagadzwa USSR sechinhu kutevedzera dzakafanana masangano akavakirwa piyona kudzidza nemwaranzi Mariey Kyuri muFrance uye Poland) akaita tsvakurudzo Nyuturoni, kwazvakarerekera subatomic PARTICIPLE pamusoro zvishoma aizivikanwa panguva. Neutrons pamwe dzakakwirira simba zvinoshandiswa bombardment radioactive mabhomba neerekitironi, akadai uranium exchange, kuti akatsemura atomu uye panguva maitiro yenyukireya, kusunungura yakawanda simba.

Wonder chombo

Munguva 1930s, vaongorori akadai Joliot, Enrico Fermi, Robert Oppenheimer uye vamwe vakasvika pakunzwisisa kuti maitiro kwenyukireya pamwe kurapwa zvinogona kushandiswa kugadzira bhomba zvisina kumboitika putika simba. Kurchatov somumwe aitungamirira indasitiri Soviet renyukireya kwainzi ari of facto mutungamiriri pakutsvakurudza uye kwacho munharaunda iyi. Nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira kushaya mari uye utongi enyika yakapoteredza paitonga Stalin hurumende iyoyo, Soviet Union lagged shure navamwe nyika munhangemutange kuti kupingudza atomu.

vakasvinurira komuredhi

News pamusoro kuvhurika muna 1938 zvenyukireya fission mishonga German Otto Ganom uye Fritz Strassmann akakurumidza kupararira dzakawanda kuti yefizikisi. MuSoviet Union nhau akaita mwoyo uye kunetseka pamusoro zvichibvira mafomu izvi zvakawanikwa.

Mukupera 1930s, Soviet yefizikisi Igor Kurchatov, mufananidzo anoiswa munyaya, boka vaongorori vari Leningrad akaita budiriro iri zvakaitwa kwenyukireya pamusoro radioactive isotopes ose thorium uye uranium exchange. Muna 1940, vaviri navo fission kuti uranium exchange isotope netsaona yakawanikwa uye pasi noutungamiriri hwake, akanyora pfupi nyaya nezvazvo ari American pakadhindwa "Kurovedza Review", iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva magazini vaitungamirira yesayenzi zvinobudisa nyaya pamusoro mberi tsvakurudzo kwenyukireya.

Pashure akawanda vhiki yokumirira, Igor Kurchatov akatanga kufarira kutsvaga mabhuku kuitika kudzidza nhau kuedza pamusoro fission ari musimboti. Somugumisiro, iye akawana kuti magazini American dzinofinha asisiri kubudisa mashoko akadai kubva pakati 1940 Kurchatov vakaudza Soviet utungamiriri kuti United States mukupindura kuwedzera ngozi Hondo Yenyika II pamwe akabatana Germany-Italy-Japan, zvichida achiedza kuvaka mabhomba bhambu. Izvi zvakaita kuti intensification kutsvakurudza muSoviet Union. Leningrad rabhoritari Kurchatov akava musimboti izvi kuitwa.

Demagnetization of Black Sea Fleet

Kukurudzira mauto German munharaunda yacho USSR muna July 1941 kwakaderedza nhamba dziripo nepfuma sectors ose Soviet Union, kusanganisira masayendisiti. Vakawanda vaongorori uye yefizikisi Kurchatov vakagadzwa kukurira mamiriro muchiuto mabasa, uye akaenda kudzidzisa vezvikepe muna Sevastopol demagnetize ngarava kubata zvimbambaira rinobva.

By 1942 Soviet uchenjeri kuitwa muUnited States hwakasimbiswa kubudikidza pakuti "Manhattan Project" riri kufambira mberi kukura zvombo zvenyukireya. Akumbirwa masayendisiti uye vezvematongerwo enyika Igor Kurchatov ndadaidzwa kubva Sevastopol uye akagadzwa mukuru Mugadziri Muzinda kukura varikutonga zvenyukireya kuita. nzvimbo iyi vaizova mwoyo Soviet Institute of Atomic Energy.

mutsika Rosenberg

The Institute akavaka boka Kurchatov cyclotron nezvimwewo zvakakodzera kuti kurapa reactor yenyukireya. Mushure vakabudirira yokuedzwa uye kushandiswa United States pakapera Hondo Yenyika II, maatomu mabhomba Soviet Union yokuwedzera mabasa kudzivirira US kutyisidzira yenyukireya. December 27, 1946 Kurchatov uye chikwata chake vakavaka reactor wokutanga yenyukireya muEurope. Zvinokwanisika kuwana isotope kuti plutonium vaifanira zvombo zvenyukireya. September 29, 1949, ichiitwa zvinobudirira muedzo maatomu bhomba, Soviet Union anenge pamutemo apinda zera yenyukireya. Muna November 1952, akatakurwa kunze kuputika American rehydrogen bhomba, yaiva nguva zhinji zvikuru simba, uye August 12, 1953 aizivikanwa nebudiriro Soviet Union akadaro.

Apedza kusika zvombo zvenyukireya Kurchatov akatungamirira sangano muSoviet masayendisiti pamusoro pevara dzinerunyarararo atomu. Akabatsira kugadzira uye kuvaka renyukireya nesimba miti. Muna 1951 Kurchatov akaronga imwe wokutanga Misangano iri simba renyukireya muSoviet Union uye akazova chikamu boka, riri June 27, 1954 yakatanga wokutanga renyukireya simba chirimwa muSoviet Union.

Kurchatov Igor Vasilevich: Interesting Facts

Nuclear yefizikisi akanga aikosha ndeuke mutongo madenderedzwa nehurumende yeSoviet. Kuwedzera nhengo iri presidium of Academy of Sciences of USSR, zvakava katatu Hero pamusoro Socialist Labor, aiva mutevedzeri Supreme Council uye airemekedzwa enyika. tarenda ake ave mutungamiri iri rinenge kufanana tarenda yesayenzi uye akamutendera kuti abudirire kutungamirira masangano kuwedzera guru.

Kurchatov kwaikosheswa otsenon vamwe vake dzakawanda nesayenzi. Frederic Joliot-Curie, Nobel Prize pamusana basa munharaunda iyi kwenguva refu nguva rinobereka vakaramba imwe tsamba naye. Pakupera 1950 Kurchatov vaiitawo dzakawanda Misangano pamusoro renyukireya uye, pamwe chete nemamwe masayendisiti kundodana yose kurambidza zvombo zvenyukireya. Naiyewo waitsigira kurambidza mumhepo yokuedzwa. Muna 1963, Soviet Union neUnited States akanyorerana chibvumirano irambidzwe kuidzwa zvombo zvenyukireya mumhepo, muchadenga uye pasi mvura.

kushandiswa Civil zvenyukireya simba, akaongorora uye yakatanga achitungamirirwa Kurchatov, rinosanganisira simba (okutanga kwakatangwa muna 1954), ngarava inopwanya aizi yenyukireya-dzinofambiswa "Lenin". Also Research akatungamirira musayendisiti Fusion, vachiita dzichiri zvinoreva dzine plasma iri zvikuru dzakakwirira tembiricha kunodiwa kutanga uye tirambe kwetunhu kwacho imwe Fusion reactor.

Miitiro pane yokungotaura

Pashure shamhu mbiri muna 1956 uye 1957. Kurchatov akarega basa basa, apo kuramba tichiita wefizikisi zvenyukireya, uyewo kugadzirwa uye kuvakwa zvinoverengeka Soviet simba renyukireya miti. February 7, 1960 muMoscow, zvichipomerwa akafa yomwoyo, Igor Kurchatov.

Biography of musayendisiti haana kungogumira basa, izvo akatsaurira upenyu hwake hwose. basa rake yokungotaura pamusoro yakawanda kukosha, chete wechipiri uye kazhinji lagged shure mabasa mapiyona ose wefizikisi kwenyukireya mukutanga XX remakore. Chete kushandisa pfungwa iri tsika, akazivisa kukosha mabasa ayo.

asina kumbokuvadzwa

Soviet yefizikisi Igor Kurchatov aigara uye aishanda rinodzvinyirira uye stifling tsiye yemazuva ano Iosifa Stalina hwechiKomonisiti. Akakwanisa kuunganidza boka kunoshamisa masayendisiti ari zvakaoma uye kurayira ezvinhu uye, uyezve, kukurudzira nyanzvi izvi kuumba rokusika, zvibereko munharaunda. Akakwanisa kugara zvakanaka Nyasha dzemutendi uye kugumisa panguva paitonga Stalin purges musayenzi uye enyika utungamiriri wandei munyika uye panguva imwecheteyo kuisa mberi zvavanoda nguva.

mudzidzisi Sakharov raMwari

Kurchatov rakanga zvose nhoroondo masayendisiti vakazvitsaurira vaitenda chokwadi kuti zvakanaka nzvimbo kukura uye kuidzwa mumuviri dzidziso ndiyo murabhoritari. Pamusana musayendisiti ichi rinoshanda pfungwa akafuridzira rudzi rose yefizikisi Soviet nheyo dzaro uye pfungwa apfuure Kukuru Mukutonga kwechiFascist rokusika muitiro. Aiva mudzidzisi nemasayendisiti akawanda zvikuru, kusanganisira renyukireya yefizikisi Andreya Saharova.

Igor Kurchatov akabatsira nyika yake kupinda muzvigadzirwa nguva yokupedzisira yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, vakaumba mutsetse miviri mabhomba simba muSoviet Union. Kana pfungwa chete kusika zvombo, rugare kushandiswa renyukireya (renyukireya simba) kuti zvimwe kwete nokukurumidza akazviratidza.