Kuwanikwa radioactivity.

History anoziva nyaya dzakadaro, apo pfungwa huru kuuya musayendisiti netsaona. Izvi zvinogona kunzi kune yefizikisi French Anri Bekkerelyu, chakazozivikanwa muna 1896 kuwanikwa radioactivity. Chikonzero kuitisa kuedza kwaiva kudzidza B. rontgen X-ray. Panyaya iyi, musayendisiti akaita nokufungidzira kuti zvavari chokuita kuti chinonakidza kuti luminescence. Uye zvichida, kuti luminescence mhando izvi hazvibviri pasina cathode mwaranzi.

Becquerel akasarudza kudzidza pfungwa Arayirwa V. rontgen. Akashamisika kuti luminescent fuma emit mwaranzi kugona kupinda kuburikidza opaque partition. Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu, Becquerel akatora Photographic ndiro akamonera firimu wake dema, akaisa munyu zvemapuranga uranium exchange remhangura muchinjikwa uye akaisa muzuva. Papera nguva iye akaratidza firimu. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti akanga mutema munzvimbo idzodzo paiva muchinjikwa. Izvi zvairatidza kuti uranium exchange anokwanisa generating mwaranzi achipfuura opaque zvinhu uye zviito ari Photographic mundiro. Panguva iyoyo, Becquerel aidavira kuti chikonzero sokupenya uranium exchange - zuva.

Kwapera nguva, musayendisiti yakasarudza kudzokorora kuedza. Asi nguva ino kwidibira okunze kuchinaya kwavatadzisa iye kutanga kudzidza. Becquerel akaisa pasi ndiro nhema wrapper aine muchinjikwa ari murima muwadhiropu kwemazuva. Kana yefizikisi akaratidza Photographic firimu, kwakaonekwa kuti, apo murima, zvakanga dema zvizhinji kupfuura kana pachena kuti zuva. Nokuongorora vazhinji makemikari, Becquerel akawana kuti emit nemwaranzi kupinda kuburikidza rima bepa, anogona chete fuma iri Zvinoumba paine uranium exchange. Sezvo kuwanikwa radioactivity chakaitwa

Zvadaro, Fani iyi yave vakadzidza mudzimai wake Mariey Sklodovskoy uye kwazvo Pierre Curie. Kuwanikwa radioactivity chaiva chikonzero kudzidza zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji. Pierre uye Marie vakaona kuti vakawanda makemikari vanokwanisa emitting Matanda zvinoshandisa pakurima matatu: Beta, Alpha, wegamma -. Vave kwazvo kudzidza Chiitiko pamusoro radioactivity, vakadzidza ake kugona rakapinza uye maitiro ari remagineti. Zvavakawana izvi vakabvumira masayendisiti kuwana mukanyiwa, velocity uye nokuchengeta nezvimedu anoumba chiedza.

The ongororo dzakaitwa zvinokosha matongo pasango wefizikisi. It Vakawana kuti Arifa mwaranzi vari vadzidzisi zvuru gumi nekaupenyu inorema nezvimedu, kuti velocity izvo 16 zviuru makiromita por wechipiri. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane mbiri yakanaka zvemagetsi mutariri uye ane guru. Hwaro Beta-mwaranzi - maerekitironi, kana okusafarira mhosva chiedza okunze. Dzichimhanya rinosvika vanopfuura zviuru 300 makiromita por wechipiri. A wegamma-mwaranzi pamusoro mamiriro akafanana X-ray. Papera chinguva, yefizikisi vakawana zvishoma kunakidza chokwadi. It Vakawana kuti Beta-emitting kana Arifa nezvimedu, maatomu zvimwe zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana inogona dzikwanise vamwe.

Kudzidza esimbi, iyo yaiva chikamu thorium uye uranium exchange, wakashamira hutsva, kwete kare kudzidza nemakemikari maatomu akafanana. zita rayo - chakakwana - zvakanga vachikudza kumba nyika kwaMaria - Poland. Papera chinguva yefizikisi akazarurwa mumwe radioactive maatomu akafanana - Radium (wakaisvonaka). chazvo iri dzinounzwa zvakarurama simba nemwaranzi. Table Radium Mendeleev ane ane mabhomba kurema 226, 88 vakatora sero. Papera chinguva, kwakati kwatemwa kuti zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana, kutevedzana nhamba mukuru 83, zvakasikwa zviri radioactive, kuti anokwanisa rakasikwa mwaranzi nomuzvarirwo.

Muna 1903, ivo Curies kuti kuwanikwa radioactivity akanga paakavapa Nobel Prize. Mariya Sklodovskaya akava mukadzi purofesa wokutanga. Nemhaka yake, muna Sorbonne University kosi pamusoro kudzidza radioactivity iri kutanga dzatangwa.