Ndege mutakuri ndege: tsananguro uye nhoroondo

Ndege mutakuri ndege - chinonzi mhepo chikwata anokwanisa kutakura akawanda ndege duku akagadzirirwa hondo mudenga.

Pfungwa yacho zvisikwa vachimuka achangofa Kuvamba kuvakwa uye kushanda zeppelins, zvikuru nomukurumbira muverengi sezvo blimps.

Kuunza ane mutakuri mhepo kwainzi vaizotibata mabhizimisi, sezvo anowedzera kubudirira zviito yetsiva ndege. Zvisinei, nokuuya kwakaita refuellers ndege, ichi muitiro yakarasikirwa kushanda kwayo, kunyange zvazvo zvakanga zvisiri zvachose zvabviswa munhoroondo.

Chii chaita kuti chidzoke ane ndege inotakura ndege

The chidzoke itsva mano, zvigadziriswe munogara chokuita zvimwe zvinodiwa vanhu. Sezvaunoziva, mukuvamba ramakumi remakore, Hondo Yenyika Yokutanga payakatanga, panguva iyo uto ndege kubva kumativi yakatanga kuiswa. Zvisinei, ine muzasizasi kunyatsoshanda.

Chokwadi kuti matambudziko munguva iri nemauto ndege kune chidukuduku zvakawanda ndege nokuda shoma mafuta mungarava. Izvi zvinorwadza ichikutadzisa kushandiswa muhondo ndege, sezvo vava kukwanisa kushandisa chete frontal mapazi. shure muvengi mitsetse yakanga pasigasvikirwi kwavari.

Kudikanwa anyatsobudirira uto revarwi ndege anomanikidzwa kuteerera zeppelins - blimps simbi deko. Izvi mhepo zvidzidzo aiva tsvarakadenga anoyevedza ukuru uye mukana kubhururuka pamusoro madaro marefu. Izvi zvakakonzera pfungwa kutamira ndege yavo vachishandisa kure zvakadzama ndima muvengi kuita mhepo rinopamura pamusoro zvine urongwa kushungurudza. Saka pakanga pane ndege inotakura ndege. Asi zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumwe nyika ine yayo nzira kuzadziswa pfungwa iyi. Kwete nguva dzose nenzira iyi kwakaguma nezvakanaka mhinduro.

USS airship. kutanga ruzivo

The kwokutanga nezvemabatiro nokuumba ndege inotakura ndege yaiva kushandisa ichi sezvo airships, izvo zvinowanzoshandiswa mukurwisana zvombo, kusvikira pakuguma Second World War.

The ndege kwainzi kupfuura kukodzera shanduro zvinotevera: a biplane akanga akatasva pepuranga rimwe zeppelin, uye nenzira Kuhondo.

Pashure paizvozvo, ndege akatorwa kubva rinokosha kondo uye tsotsonya airship disengaged. izvi zvose chakanga kuitika zvizere keriya nokukurumidza ndege. Uyezve wakaitwa Solo ndege biplane.

Mushure kurwa basa ndege akadzokera Zeppelin anopfuurira vanomhanya Kuhondo, panguva akurumidze, I wakanamatira kwaari Crane chirauro uye vakadhonzera mukati. Uyezve kuenda neherikoputa keriya ndege akadzokera Banga.

Zuva 1918 US airship-1 nendege ndege, "Curtiss JN4", dzakabatana pasi Gondola. Mushure nokusimudza biplane akanga unhooked yakazvimiririra akaramba ndege.

Mune US, chakazovakwa maviri pakukura munhoroondo avhiyesheni airship "Macon" uye "Akron" aiva kureba 239 M uye taisakwanisa kutakura kusvika vanodzima mana. Zvisinei, kushaya ruzivo pakuvaka ose zeppelins mhando iyi aiva inokanganisa ramangwana ravo: vaviri "aviamatki" yakadonha nemhaka murombo nepurani.

Kuchinja pfungwa mhepo vatakuri

Zvakaitika kushandiswa airship sechinhu ndege inotakura ndege akanongedza kusawirirana ino muitiro. Kunyanya kwadzikira mubereko maari pashure penjodzi iri kupfuura zeppelin munyika "Hindenburg". airship akazadzwa rehydrogen vakapisa nokukurumidza, richiuraya anopfuura matatu gumi nevaviri vakatakurwa uye vashandi nhengo.

Uyewo, chinokosha drawback ane mutakuri ndege, kuti airship yaiva kwayo munjodzi kuna ndege muvengi. Chimiro ndege muvengi munharaunda yokuwana mutakuri ndege, "makazara" pamwe rehydrogen, zvinonzi zvaireva kuparadzwa hakudzivisiki.

Saka, muna World War First Britain vaedza kusika chine ndege, kureva munhu ndege akatakura murwi. Sezvo vakadaro British akaendesa ndege aida kushandisa igwa ndege, kugadzirira pamusoro murwi wake.

Pfungwa, Chokwadi, zvakanaka, asi zvakaoma dzika. Naizvozvo, munhu achibhururuka inotakura ndege muchimiro chine ndege uye haana kusika British ndege. Asi shungu ruzivo haana kumborega wokumwe Russian vagadziri ndege.

Pfungwa ndege VS Vahmistrova

Vladimir Sergeevich Vahmistrov - kudzidza Air Force Academy. Apedza kudzidza aishanda pakutsvakurudza avhiyesheni uye yokuedzwa sangano. Mukati masvingo aro, uye akazviratidza pfungwa kushandisa constructor se "aviamatki" mapatya-injini bhomba TB-1, vakasikwa nomukurumbira wakachenjera Tupolev.

Vladimir Sergeyevich aida kugadzirisa zviviri murwi mapapiro TB-1 chaiwo nekiyi.

Panyaya iyi, ndege zvaishandiswa sezvo kudzivirirwa pamuvengi bhomba ndege.

Zvinonzi zvakare aronga kuti mushure kubhomba of TB-1 zvivako zviri varwi muvengi uye vakadzokera Banga neimwe yakazvimiririra.

Implementation of pfungwa Vahmistrova

In mid-1931 Soviet High Command mvumo chirongwa vs Vahmistrova, nharo kuti kuenda neherikoputa keriya ndege - chombo chakakomba.

Boka duku vagadziri vanotanga kushanda kuzviita pamusoro nokuumba mapapiro inotakura ndege, kana sezvo zvakanga iyoyo, ndege-chechetere. Pakupera 1931 imwe ndege inotakura ndege Vahmistrova yakagadzirira kunovhenekwa. Kuita wokutanga Nhunzi akarayiridzwa vezvikepe zvikuru ruzivo nguva, kureva Adhamu Zalewski (mutungamiri bhomba zvokuchenesa), Andrey Sharapov (copilot Bt-1), Valery Tchkalov uye Aleksandru Anisimovu (murwi vezvikepe, bhomba mapapiro pamusoro zvakabatanidzwa).

"Circus Vahmistrova"

Saka akadana bvunzo Flights yokutanga Soviet keriya ndege. Chokwadi chokuti Vols kazhinji pamwe mwero ezvinhu.

Somuenzaniso, muzana rokutanga kutiza, kushaya Kufambisa bhomba rikarira uye murwi mutyairi Chkalov kwakakanganisa kuti Zalewski akavhura pamberi murwi kugadzira dzevhudzi kana kuvharwa shongwe dzaro chassis. Chete ruzivo Chkalov akatiponesa kubva nenjodzi.

Mamiriro ezvinhu akafanana kwakaitika pamwe V. Kokkinaki murwi; haana kuzarura zvechizarira muswe kumhara giya. Pano zvinhu anoponeswa mukuru bhomba Stefanovsky, kusarudza kugara pasi varwi pamapapiro. All dzakaguma zvakanaka.

anofuridzira kubudirira

Mumuedzo wokutanga Flights zvakaratidza kuti kubhururuka Soviet vatakuri ndege vakafanirwa pakuzadzisa.

Panzvimbo bhomba TB-1 ndiye TB-3 zvakawanda simba akasikwa, izvo zvinogona kuva mutakuri ndege kuti murwi mutsva Polikarpov I-5. Panguva iyoyowo mukana kuwedzera uwandu inotakurika varwi anosvika matatu - mapapiro maviri uye mumwe ari fuselage.

Vahmistrova kuedza yakaitwa hwokuchengetedza varwi pasi pamapapiro TB-3, asi ndokuguma rufu ane murwi mutyairi wendege. Chikonzero tsaona kamwe zvakare sehofisi ndege kuda kuvhara "aviamatke" haasi ndivhurire mumhepo, asi nomuzvarirwo akaparirwa kana achiwana.

Muna 1935, Soviet ichibhururuka akaendesa ndege aikwanisa kutakura varwi kupfuura mashanu, mumwe wavo (I-Z) raiwanzobatana kuna "aviamatkoy" mumhepo.

Muna 1938, mumwe kubhururuka inotakura ndege, rakagamuchirwa Dzvuku Army.

The yakakurumbira mhepo vatakuri

Inozivikanwa kubhururuka vatakuri ndege shanu, izvo zvakasiya zvikasawanirwa munhoroondo avhiyesheni - TB-1 Soviet, Tupolev Tu-95N, ndege American Convair B-36 Peacemaker, Boeing B-29 Superfortress uye airship "Akron".

TB-1 Soviet ndiyo nyika yokutanga Serial-metal monoplane bhomba, waishandiswa sechiedza mutakuri ndege. Rubhabhatidzo keriya moto ndege agamuchira July 26, 1941, apo tichibatsirwa murwi-Ndege, pakupedzisira "akamuka" reGermany okuchengetera mafuta muna Constanta.

The "ichibhururuka keriya ndege" Kumusha Vahmistrova kukanganwa. Muna 1955, Soviet Union yakatanga basa nokuumba inokosha kuvhunduka gadziriro, kusanganisira PC uye supersonic keriya bhomba ndege Tu-95N.

Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti PC chichange zvishoma iri nhumbi akabata chinhu mutakuri ndege. The hurongwa aifanira nechokwadi pokukundwa zvinangwa pasina kupinda zvinoitwa muvengi mhepo kudzivirira mapazi uye mudzokere yendege.

American Convair B-36 Peacemaker chaibatanidzwa paakasika hurongwa pakavha inorema Ndege, izvo zvakapa kuti kutakurwa anosvika mana chiedza mhando McDonnell XF-85 Goblin vanodzima.

Zvisinei, nokuda kunzwisisa kwakaita pokusvika murwi B-36 chirongwa rakanga rarambidzwa muna 1949. Uyewo, US Air Force vaiona dzenhema-chipfuro simulators anobudiswa bhomba iri chiitiko vaizorwiswa muvengi ndege, kunobatsira kupfuura kurwa murwi viomak.

Boeing B-29, kushanda 40s, akapa akatakura vanodzima maviri. Zvisinei, kuti monyorora simba pamusoro kumigumo mapapiro zvakakonzera njodzi, basa B-29 yakavharwa, uye pfungwa kunozivikanwa sezvo ngozi.

American airship USS Akron 30s zvaiva rimwe remasangano zeppelin nyika. Akakwanisa kutakura kusvika shanu chiedza ndege ane yanga ushori.

Flying vatakuri ndege ramangwana

American uye Soviet kubhururuka vatakuri ndege, kudzokorora dzakapiwa kumusoro, sezvinei, uchigere muenzaniso kuti kurwa kwavo kushandiswa, kunze oparesheni kuzoparadza mafuta okuchengetera Zvivako Constanta panguva Second World War.

Zvisinei, pfungwa ndege inotakura ndege achiri chitonge pfungwa vagadziri.

Somuenzaniso, refu kuronga The Defense Research Jobs USA (DARPA) akaita yakatanga purogiramu "Gremlins" pamusoro pokumuka unmanned zvemuchadenga motokari, anokwanisa kutora kure kubva mutakuri ndege, uye kudzokera kurutivi rwake.