Designs uye mhando mabhiriji

Mabhiriji - Chinhu Chinokosha Paunhu anenge ose rwizi, vanobatsira kukunda zvipingamupinyi nokuda kure yavo inova maduku, uye kuti kubva padanho "A" zvakawanda kunongedzera "B" vakasununguka uye dzichimhanya. With veMubatanidzwa itsva zvinhu uye michina dzakaoma mazano kuyambuka kuva chokwadi.

Chii Bridge

Mabhiriji - kuenderera mugwagwa pamusoro chipingamupinyi. Kakawanda, zviri vakundwa kuburikidza nemvura mhinganidzo, asi kunogonawo batanidza micheto ari gully kana chiteshi. Nezvokumutswa kukura chokufambisa kwezvivako mu mumaguta kuvaka zambuko nokuda kwebasa migwagwa, pova Ivowo guru. The inokosha Mashoko kuvakwa dzavo zvaiva uye zvitsigiso.

Kupatsanura pakati mabhiriji zvakagadzirwa

Mhando mabhiriji zvinogona Classified maererano akawanda zvinodiwa:

• pamusoro chinangwa chikuru kushandiswa;
• dzinovaka mhinduro;
• zvokuvakisa;
• maererano kureba;
• Kushanda wava;
• zvichienderana uchishandisa pfungwa.

Sezvo vanhu wood kubva norwizi kuti kune rimwe, zvakatora nguva uye akaisa yakawanda nesimba pakuvaka engineering zvivako. Somugumisiro, kunongova akasiyana mabhiriji. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

danda

Zvinhu kuvaka dzavo zvinosanganisira simbi uye ayo alloys, zvakasimbisa kongiri, uye mashoko okutanga aiva muti. Huru zvinhu pakubereka hurongwa kwakadai matanda, trusses, izvo uchatamisa mutoro nokutsigirwa mujinga zambuko.

Matanda uye trusses tiri chikamu yoga maumbirwo kuti unobereka zita "ichibhururuka". Zvaiva ndiwo paradzanisa, kunyaradza uye kwete achicheka, zvichienderana kubatana zano pamwe zvitsigiso. Wokutanga vavo vane tsoka mbiri kurutivi rumwe norumwe, risina kugerwa angava nhamba huru namatanda, zvichienderana kudiwa, nepo cantilever bhiriji zvaiva mhiri bhuku pfungwa, apo anobatana haizopereri zvaiva.

yokufeva

Nokuti avo kugadzira simbi, vakakanda simbi, kongiri castings kana zvinogumbura. Wokutanga chaizvo zvinhu pakuvaka mabhiriji iyi mhando Matombo, boulders kana anoumbwa izvi monolithic zvinogumbura.

Hwaro ndiyo kwedenga mamiriro (Arch). Remubatanidzwa akawanda Maberere mugwagwa kana njanji mubhedha iri yokufeva zambuko. Panzira vangava nzvimbo mbiri pamusoro akagadzira kana pasi payo.

Imwe siyana ari chemasanganiswa - Arch-cantilever zambuko, apo poluarki maviri zvakabatanidzwa pamusoro uye tarira sezvinoita tsamba "T". The yokufeva mamiriro anogona kuva mumwe span, uye ipapo inowira huru mutoro rinobereka zvakanyanyisa. Kana zambuko rinoumbwa anoverengeka hwakabatana zvivako, ipapo mutoro iri kukamurirwa zvose zvenguva uye magumo rutsigiro.

kuturika mabhiriji

Main zvokuvakisa kuvaka iyi - iyo simbi zvakasimbisa kongiri. Zvakagadzirwa chakavakwa munzvimbo hazvibviri yokugadza zvenguva pazvitsigiso. Pylons kutsigira nhengo dzine chokuita ne netambo. Kuchengeta zambuko mudanga ezvinhu, kuti pylons vari akatasva kumativi akasiyana, pakati pavo tatamuka waya vakavhura chokuita kuti pasi, apo riri makachengeteka chaidzo. By akatambanudza chinjikira waya wakaiswa vertically, uyewo akabatana cheni kuti achatsigira kanivhasi yacho zambuko. The kuomarara pakati chipande kurerekera matanda uye trusses.

Cable-akagara bhiriji

Zvokuvakisa - simbi, zvakasimbisa kongiri. Kufanana dzomuzana venhema, magadzirirwo yavo zvinoda pylons uye netambo. Musiyano ndechokuti waya-akagara remubatanidzwa ndiyo chete runokusunganidzai zvose bhiriji mamiriro, tambo kureva vari zvakabatanidzwa kwete yakatambarara akatambanudza vatakuri, asi zvakananga kumugumo pazvitsigiso, zvichiita magadzirirwo anova chandagwinyira.

pagadzirwe

"Floating" kuyambuka haana yakaoma framework uye kutaurirana navo kumahombekombe. kuvaka ravo vakaungana kubva vakaparadzana zvikamu kusvika chinjwa kubatana. A kusiyana kwaiita mabhiriji vari naplyvnye kuyambuka. Kakawanda vane duku hurongwa kuti inoshandiswa kusimbisa nguva chando mvura ematongerwo. Vane ngozi munguva guru kufara pamusoro pemvura, kufamba zvakaoma uye sangano iri kwavari chete multi-tani motokari.

simbi mabhiriji

mabhiriji Most ano kunosanganisira kushandiswa simbi iri mutakuri magadzirirwo. Kwenguva refu, iyo simbi zambuko kwainzi kupfuura yakasimba zvivako mhando. To musi, mashoko aya ndiwo unokosha, asi kwete chete chezvinonhuwira yacho Kukunda.

Mhando simbi mabhiriji:

• Yokufeva patani.
• Viaducts pamwe zvaiva.
• Akarembera, Guy.
• Trestle pamwe yanyatsosimba kongiri mbiru, izvo zvaiva vakaungana kubva simbi yeimwe.

simbi zvakagadzirwa vane mukana kudekara muunganidzwa, saka zvinenge marudzi ose njanji mabhiriji Makavakwa kubva ichi acho. The simbi anogadzirwa pachishandiswa maindasitiri nzira pane imwe fekitari, kukura zvinogona kugadziridzwa. Zvichienderana inogona zvigadziriswe iyo vachange vaungana, kuumbwa preform ramangwana fekitari hwakasimba akakura.

Pamota nemamiriro zvikamu zvinogona zvakananga pamusoro nzvimbo ungano yokupedzisira. Uye kana iwe dzaimbova kuita kubatana pakati yakatarwa zvipenga kutiza, zvino kondo ane Nokusimudzwa vanokwanisa matani 3600, aigona zvakanaka kufamba uye akamisa pamusoro-metal kubereka span.

zvakanakira simbi hurongwa

Sezvo mashoko kuvaka mabhiriji simbi haawanzopiwi kushandiswa nokuda kwayo murombo ngura nemishonga. Pictures wazova mukuru-simba simbi uye ayo yeimwe. chakanakisisa waivako Its zvinogona kuongororwa kuti zvirongwa zvakadai waya-vakagara bhiriji mifananidzo, pamwe makuru zvaiva. Muenzaniso ndiye Moscow zambuko mhiri Dnieper River muKiev kana Obukhov zambuko muSt Petersburg.

Paivakwa njanji mabhiriji Nokuzivikanwa kushandiswa simbi hurongwa pamwe trusses. The chikuru zvakanaka kugadzirisa izvi unoshanda ichishanda, kumhanya kuvakwa uye dismantling nomunhu zvikamu, vade yakaderera mari inoshandiswa, zvingangoita kuvaka zvivako nekukurumidza pamusoro zvinowanikwa munzvimbo uye chero nenzvimbo yacho.

emapuranga mabhiriji

Bhiriji yokutanga munhoroondo vanhu dzakavakwa zvematanda. Zvivako refu izvi hazvigoni kushandiswa pasina zvakakodzera Nokuraramisa, nguva basa roushumiri uye yaitsiva zvikamu uye fasteners. Zvakanga zvakaoma kuvaka, uye fragility mashoko acho. Pari pasi kuvakwa zvinotevera mhando emapuranga mabhiriji:

1. Zvichienderana hurongwa - danda, vanofamba Pamativi.
2. Zvichienderana design - packet chivako pamwe zvaiva, truss mazambuko.

Wooden nemamiriro nyore zvikuru, uye saka nokukasika mountable marongerwo. Rutsigiro matanda vari Akarovera muvhu kuti kudzika 4 m. On okumusoro kumigumo inoungana vane simbi nembambo kukodzera kupinda kamwene, inoungana vose vakasungwa mumwe, zviri vakaisa pamusoro padandemutande kufamba. Paivakwa remuti zambuko zvakakosha kusika rwakasimba pairing chivakwa pamwe unorema pasi pa mativi, zvaitwa kuitira kuti bhiriji raiva mudanga.

Zvino pane nemaitiro kumutsidzirwa pakuvaka emapuranga mabhiriji, riri chokuita veMubatanidzwa zvigadzirwa zvaAtemisi laminated ukanyatsotarisisa nematanda, zvakawanda nemishonga nehasha runyararo, zvimwewo mauto uye torsion zvakawanda yakasimba ichishanda, kunze kureba hakubvi chaiwo kukura womuti.

Poetics uye Practice

In St. Petersburg mune 93 waterways, pano kusanganisira nzizi, Nehova, nzizi uye reservoirs anenge 100. Dzisina kudzivirirwa nekugara kutaurirana pakati muzvitsuwa uye zvikamu guta kupa mabhiriji, izvo pane anenge 800, izvo 218 vari munofamba nevanhu. Kubva kuvakwa muguta akagadza tsika chivakwa mabhiriji, pasina iro St. Petersburg atova zvisingafungidziriki. Chikamu chacho mapurani, nhoroondo, tsika uye tsika.

Zvichida, chero muguta Russia saka achishingaira kushandiswa razvodnogo kuyambuka, zvose muSt Petersburg.

Chiratidzo kuchamhembe guru anoonekwa kuti mumwe mukuru mabhiriji - Palace. It rakavakwa maererano injiniya Pshenitskogo A. P. uye richibatanidza Admiralty Island museve Vasilyevsky Island. Modern chikwidzo zvigadziriswe 700-tani nechepakati span chivako ndima mudziyo.

The chakarebesa drawbridge muSt Petersburg zita Alexander Nevsky. Its kureba 905,7 m, imwe huru ndima chinjika yakagadzirwa nesimbi, apo mamiriro dilution ndiyo 2 chete kwemaminitsi.

Types St. Petersburg mabhiriji zvinosanganisira nhoroondo yose Bridge pakuvaka - kubva pakutanga matanda kusvika ano multi-mukoto wire-akagara zvivako. Big Obukhov Bridge Somuenzaniso, ane kureba 2824 m, uye nhasi zviri chimwe chezvinhu zvakawanda ouinjiniya zvivako muRussia. It rinoumbwa zviviri dzakafanana akafanana zvikamu, izvo akaronga mana -way motokari.

St. Petersburg Ngano

In St. Petersburg, zhinji dzakasiyana siyana mabhiriji dzinoturwa, pane kare, vava zvimiririre ane yakapfuura yaitonga, asi avo chinangwa haana kuchinja, kunyange vashoma vane flair uye dzorudo nyaya. Saka, kutsvodana zambuko pamusoro Moika River kunokwezva vashanyi nezita raro, asi zvakaitika kubva zita zvomutengesi Potselueva ane potatory imba "The Kiss" yaiva pedyo chikepe uye kudanana chido, zita haana kuita.

Interesting ngano akura Foundry Bridge, apo nyaya kunoshamisa vakasimuka pakarepo kana Tab. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti rimwe nheyo mbiru ibwe vakava chibayiro ibwe Atakan. Zvino mwoyo Vanopfuura uye vakandizvidza kuzviuraya. Yekufadza "ropa" dombo, vamwe vagari kukandwa kubva zambuko murwizi Neva mari uye waini tsvuku. Uyewo, vazhinji vangati panguva Foundry anogona kuwanikwa Lenin kuti idzangaradzimu.

The shanu vakawanda Russian chakarebesa mabhiriji

Nepo asingadi kuvaka zambuko mhiri Kerch Strait, pamwero mukuru kuyambuka shanu riri sezvinotevera:

• Russian zambuko muna Vladivostok. kuvakwa kureba 3100 m, akazarura muna 2012 kekutanga pamusoro pakushaiwa kwake kufunga muna 1939, asi akaziva panguva ino pachikuva.
• Bridge Khabarovsk. Its kureba 3891 m. Rine tiers maviri. Rezasi hwomukova njanji motokari, uye pamusoro - motokari. mufananidzo wake inoshongedza zviuru zvishanu dhora bhiri.
• Bhiriji iri River Yuribey. Riri kumusoro kweArctic Circle muna Yamal-Nenets zvionera District. Length okuvaka - 2893 m.
• Bridge pamusoro Amur Bay ane kureba 5331 m. Chakazarurwa 2012. Zvinofadza chiedza hurongwa, izvo zvinobatsira kuponesa kusvika 50% dzemagetsi.
• President Bridge pamusoro Volga River muna Ulyanovsk. Kureba -. 5825 M kuvaka yakaitwa kwemakore 23.