The muvambi dzepanguva dzidziso. Development uye misimboti dzepanguva dzidziso

In ose bhayoroji bhuku rinoti muvambi dzepanguva pfungwa - Ivan Pavlov. Izvi ichokwadi, asi kunyange vasati yakakurumbira Russian physiologist, vaongorori vakawanda vakadzidza tsinga. Ava, chikuru mupiro kwakaitwa mudzidzisi Pavlova Ivan chikamu.

MARARAMIRO Reflex dzidziso

Shoko rokuti "jerk" rinoreva mupenyu muviri stereotyped achipindura kuti zvekunze anotikurudzira. Zvinoshamisa, asi pfungwa iyi kwemasvomhu midzi. Izwi akanga chakaunzwa sayenzi yefizikisi René Descartes, vaigara XVII remakore. Akaedza kutsanangura tichibatsirwa mitemo masvomhu, iyo pane nyika zvipenyu.

Rene Dekart - kwete muvambi dzepanguva dzidziso zvayo yazvino chimiro. Asi akawana zvakawanda chii dzakazova chikamu chacho. Descartes akabatsira Uilyam Garvey - chiremba Chirungu uyo akatanga kurondedzera kweropa wemuTesitamende womunhu. Zvisinei, iye akapa nayo muchimiro zvokuimba hurongwa. Gare gare, nzira iyi achashandisa Descartes. Kana Harvey akatamira nheyo yayo kuna womukati umhare nhengo, ishamwari kwayo French aishandisa paiitwa ichi nesungano pakati nhengo pamwe kunze nyika. dzidziso yake, akarondedzera kushandisa shoko rokuti "reflex", akatorwa kubva mutauro rechiLatin.

Kukosha Descartes 'zvakawanwa

Yefizikisi vanodavira kuti uropi hwomunhu ndicho musimboti anokonzera kukurukura kunze nyika. Uyezve, akaronga kuti iye aende panzvimbo etsinga fibers. Kana zvimwewo zvinoitika sei magumo tambo, mureza anoenda muuropi. Kuti Descartes aiva muvambi nheyo pfuma mupi werutemo ari dzepanguva dzidziso. nheyo iyi kuti chero huta kwacho kuti anowanika muuropi, kwakakonzerwa Zvakaitwa vakurukurirane.

Pave paya, Russian physiologist Ivan Sechenov (muvambi dzepanguva dzidziso) Descartes hunzi mumwe masayendisiti akavimba iyo muzvidzidzo zvake. Panyaya iyi, kuti wokuFrance aiva yakawanda zvisizvo. Somuenzaniso, akatenda kuti mhuka, kusiyana nevanhu, uri afterthought. Zvakaitika rimwe musayendisiti Russian - Ivan Pavlov - vakaratidza kuti hazvisi. Tsinga emhuka ine chivako sezvo muvanhu.

Ivan Sechenov

Mumwe munhu, uyo akaita mupiro inokosha kukura dzepanguva dzidziso iri Ivan Sechenov (1829-1905). Aiva mudzidzisi uye muvambi Russian physiology. musayendisiti wokutanga munyika sayenzi yakati kuti dzakanga zvikamu uropi vari kushanda chete hunenge. Pamberi pake, neuroscientists uye physiologists vasina kumutswa nyaya zvichida zvose kushanda kwendangariro womunhu muviri vane vasiri hunhu.

Paaitsvakurudza muFrance Sechenov akaratidza kuti uropi zvakunoita pamusoro locomotor basa. Iye vawana Chiitiko nechepakati chinovhiringidza. tsvakurudzo ake akaita furore mune yaimbova physiology.

Paumbwe dzepanguva dzidziso

Muna 1863 Ivan Sechenov yakabudisa bhuku "hunenge the Brain", iro anobvisa mubvunzo pamusoro ndiani muvambi dzepanguva dzidziso. In basa iri rakanga akagadzira zvizhinji pfungwa kuti akaumba hwaro ano dzidziso yakakwirira tsinga. Zvikurukuru, Sechenov akaudza vateereri kuti ichi dzepanguva murau musimboti. It iri chokwadi kuti ose vanoziva uye chavanoziva mabasa zvipenyu ipfupi kuti maitiro mukati tsinga.

Section kwete chete yakawanikwa zvitsva facts, asi wakaita basa rakawanda riri kwetunhu nechakare mashoko pamusoro vasiri pezvakaitwa mukati mumuviri. Akaratidza kuti simba kwezvakatipoteredza inodikanwa kwakajairika odergivaniya ruoko, uye nokuda kwaita pfungwa kana manzwiro.

pfungwa Kutsoropodza Sechenov muna Russia

Society (kunyanya Russia) haisi pakarepo vakagamuchirwa dzidziso yacho akangwara physiologist. Mushure bhuku "hunenge the Brain", dzimwe nyaya yacho musayendisiti vakarega kubudisa mu "Contemporary". Sechenov noushingi vakarwisa zvouMwari pfungwa yeChechi. Aiva zvinhu uye achiedza kuratidza zvose tichitarisa vasiri kwendangariro.

Pasinei zvakavhenganiswa tinyatsonzwisisa kuRussia, nheyo dzidziso dzepanguva basa vakanga vagamuchirwa vezvesayenzi the Old World. Sechenov mabhuku dzakabudiswa muna Europe yakakura circulations. Scientist, kunyange kwenguva vakatamira zvaainyanya tsvakurudzo mabasa ari dzokuMadokero mumarabhoritari. Akashanda pundutso chete chiremba French Claude Bernard.

Kanotokonya dzidziso

Munhoroondo sayenzi inogona kuwana mienzaniso yakawanda sei masayendisiti havarasiki, kupa pfungwa kuti murege anoenderana chokwadi. nyaya kwakadaro kunogona kunzi Kanotokonya dzidziso nezvekufadza, zvinopesana maonero Sechenov uye Pavlov. Sei zvakasiyana? Kanotokonya uye dzepanguva dzidziso nezvekufadza munzira dzakasiyana kutsanangura yezvakaita muviri apindura zviwane.

Uye zvikamu, uye Pavlov aidavira kuti dzepanguva - ndiwo chinoshingaira chichingoitwa. maonero Izvi midzi sayenzi yemazuva uye nhasi anoonekwa kuti zvakajeka nekusimba. dzepanguva basa iri kuti zvipenyu vakaitei vamwe mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira zvikuru acutely kupfuura vamwe. Nature anotsaura zvakafanira kubva basa. Kanotokonya pfungwa, nekusiyana, anoti pfungwa vakaitei zvakatipoteredza tinyerere.

Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov - muvambi dzepanguva dzidziso pamusoro ndima naIvan Sechenov. Akadzidza tsinga dzose hwake uye akakurukura pfungwa mugadzi ake. Fani iyi zvakabata nyanzvi wayo kunzwisisa. Misimboti dzepanguva dzidziso kwakaratidzei chiedzwa physiologist. Kunyange kure zvipenyu uye mushonga vanhu vakanzwa mashoko okuti "imbwa Pavlov kuti". Chokwadi, hatisi kutaura pamusoro mhuka. Izvi zvinoreva mazana imbwa kuti Pavlov akashandiswa kuedza ake.

The riwedzere nokuti Panovhurwa unconditional hunenge uye yokupedzisira nokuumbwa ose dzepanguva pfungwa yaiva nyore rucherechedzo. Pavlov aiva makore gumi kudzidza zvomudumbu maitiro uye aiva mugove dzembwa kuti vanodikanwa murabhoritari yake. Mumwe musayendisiti nei mhuka mate anooneka kunyange asati apiwa chikafu. Uyezve zvaanorumbidza vakaratidza zvinoshamisa kubatana. Mate kunotanga kumira kana imbwa achinzwa kurira ndiro kana inzwi romunhu kunounza zvokudya zvaro. chiratidzo ichi zvinokonzera kuti mashandiro kuti hunokonzera kugadzirwa gastric muto.

Unconditional uye riine hunenge

kana pamusoro anofarira Pavlov, uye akatanga dzakatevedzana kuedza. Chii mhedziso akauya muvambi dzepanguva dzidziso? Descartes, ari XVII remakore akataura muviri apindura zviwane. Russian physiologist akatora sezvikonzero pfungwa. Uyezve, akabatsira kuti dzepanguva dzidziso Sechenov. Pavlov aiva mudzidzi wake zvakananga.

Zvepasi imbwa, musayendisiti akauya pfungwa yacho unconditional uye riine hunenge. Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira vachiberekwa chaiyo muviri, enhaka. Somuenzaniso, pakuparadza, yakayamwa, uye zvichingodaro. D. Of vakaumbwa hunenge Pavlov akadana vaya vanogara sangano anogamuchira pashure pokuberekwa nokuda kworuzivo uye maitiro kwezvakatipoteredza.

Unhu aya haana nhaka - vari kunyatsoteerera mumwe. Panguva iyoyowo, muviri anogona kurasikirwa dzepanguva ichi, kana Somuenzaniso, zvakachinja mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza, uye zviri zvisisadiwi. The yakakurumbira muenzaniso waJehovha vakaumbwa dzepanguva ndiye Pavlov kuedza murabhoritari nembwa. Animal akadzidzisa kuti vauye zvokudya pashure mumba chiedza dzikaita pamusoro. physiologist Next akatevera kwaita hunenge matsva. Uye zvirokwazvo, nokukurumidza pakutanga rembwa pacharo kuti salivate paakaona chiedza girobhu racho yaisanganisira. Muchiitiko chino, hazvina kutakura chikafu.

zvitatu dzidziso

The kazhinji aiziva zvinodiwa dzepanguva Sechenov-Pavlov pfungwa kuderedzwa mitemo mitatu. Ndezvipi? Wokutanga wavo - mafungiro pfuma mupi werutemo akagadzira pedyo Descartes. Sezvazvakanyorwamo, mumwe muitiro inonzi tsinga chiito ane kwokunze anotikurudzira. mutemo uyu inobva dzepanguva dzidziso kushanda kwendangariro.

Wechipiri - musimboti mamiriro. Utongi ichi inoti kuti nemamiriro tsinga kunobva mari uye unhu mabasa avo. In tsika rinotsvaka sezvinotevera. Kana muviri hausi uropi, ayo yakakwirira huta basa anosiyana primitiveness.

The wokupedzisira musimboti - musimboti ongororo uye kwetunhu. It iri chokwadi kuti mune dzimwe Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu iri braked, uye vamwe - mafaro. Izvi ndizvo vasiri munhu akaidza. Somugumisiro ake mupenyu muviri nekusiyanisa akapoteredza zvinhu uye zvakavapo.