Nuclear reactor: kushanda misimboti, uye chikwata redunhu

Design uye mashandiro ari reactor yenyukireya inobva initialization uye kuzvidzora kuzvidzora dziwane renyukireya kuita. Rinoshandiswa senzira pakutsvaka pagadzirwe radioactive isotopes uye sechipiriso simba kwaibva simba renyukireya zvinomera.

Zvenyukireya reactor: nheyo kushanda (pfupi)

Kushandiswa pano fission mutoo umo unorema neerekitironi rinotsemuka kupinda zvimedu zvidiki maviri. Zvidimbu izvi vari kufara chaizvo nehurumende uye emit neutrons, uye nezvimwe subatomic nezvimedu uye photons. Neutrons anogona vanopesanisa matsva somugumisiro zvavari chaibwinya zvakatonyanya, uye zvichingodaro. kuramba nhamba iyi kuzvipira kuraramisa pamusoro disintegrations anonzi cheni kuita. Panguva iyoyowo, yakawanda simba, kugadzirwa unova chinangwa kushandisa simba renyukireya.

Nheyo nokushanda reactor yenyukireya uye yenyukireya simba chirimwa zvokuti 85% of nyuchi kukamurwa simba asunungurwa mukati pfupi nguva pashure kutanga kuita. Chikamu yasara iri neve radioactive kuora pamusoro fission zvigadzirwa, mushure vakaramba neutrons. kuora Radioactive ndiyo nzira iyo atomu rinosvika vachiwana mamiriro. Akaramba uye pashure kupesana.

The mabhomba bhomba cheni kuita kunowedzera kuchinyanya, kusvikira ichapamuka mashoko akawanda. Izvi zvinoitika nokukurumidza, kubudisa chinhu Kuputika chaizvo simba yo mabhomba dzakadaro. Mashandiro uye mashandiro ari reactor yenyukireya kwakavakirwa musimboti yokuchengeta cheni maitiro pamusoro yaidzorwa anenge kugara chechetere. Rakagadzirirwa kuti putika sezvo mabhomba bhambu asingagoni.

Chain Zvaakazoita uye kutsoropodzwa

Physics fission reactor akatsunga kuti cheni maitiro mukana pashure renyukireya fission Nyuturoni womumwe. Kana achangopfuura vakawanda zvinoderedza, mwero weboka pakupedzisira ruchawira razero. Panyaya iyi reactor achava vari subcritical ezvinhu. Kana Nyuturoni vakawanda anodzokororwa pane kugara sandara, pakati fission mwero achagara yakatsiga. The reactor uchava yakaoma ezvinhu. Uye pakupedzisira, kana pamusoro nguva Nyuturoni chavagari inokura, unonyatsoruramisa nokukurumidza uye simba kuchawedzera. Musimboti mamiriro anova supercritical.

Nheyo kushanda ane reactor yenyukireya inotevera. Asati atanga kuti Nyuturoni ndimo pedyo razero. Zvadaro, dzaishandisa bvisa kudzorwa tsvimbo kubva chinoumba, kuwedzera weboka cores kwenguva pfupi vatendeuki kuti reactor vari supercritical ezvinhu. Mushure kusvika yavose sezvavakatarirwa simba dzaishandisa pamwe akadzoka kudzora tsvimbo, nokugadzirisa uwandu neutrons. Naizvozvo reactor anodzokororwa yakaoma ezvinhu. Kana zvakakodzera kurega, asi opareta inoisa tsvimbo zvachose. Izvi anovanza kupesana uye anoisa chinoumba mu subcritical ezvinhu.

marudzi reactors

Vazhinji aripo simba iri generating kupisa zvakakodzera kutyaira turbines, izvo kutyaira emagetsi dzemagetsi zvenyukireya zvivako munyika. Uyewo, kune vazhinji tsvakurudzo reactors, uye dzimwe nyika vane Ngarava dzepasi pemvura kana pamusoro zvikepe, rinosundwa nesimba atomu.

simba miti

Kune mhando dzakawanda ichi mhando reactor, asi zvikuru vakagamuchirwa akaitwa mvura chiedza. Uyewo, unogona kushandiswa mumvura pressurized kana kufashaira mvura. Muchiitiko chokutanga mukuru kumanikidzwa mvura neshungu nokuda kupisa chinoumba uye anopinda hwemvura jenareta. Ikoko, richipisa kubva mukuru kusvikira redunhu yechipiri inopfuudzwa kuitika mberi mvura. The vanowanika chiutsi pakupedzisira anoshanda sezvo kushanda mvura iri hwemvura turbine yatinofema.

The reactor iri Kubika mhando anoshanda panheyo zvakananga simba kutenderera. Water achipfuura musimboti, vakauya kuna mota pamusoro svikiro kumanikidzwa pamwero. Zvine chiutsi ichipfuura dzakatevedzana separators uye dryers vari dzinongoda ari reactor mudziyo, zvichiguma ayo sverhperegretoe ezvinhu. Chaipisa chiutsi ari ipapo kushandiswa sezvo kushanda fluid iri kutenderera turbine.

High-tembiricha gasi-haachandidi

High-tembiricha reactor gasi-dzaserera (HTGR) - munhu reactor yenyukireya, nheyo kushanda inobva kushandiswa graphite sechinhu huni vasanganise mafuta uye microspheres. Pane vaviri kukwikwidza mazano:

• German "Loose-vaguta" mamiriro, iyo anoshandisa idenderedzwa mafuta zvinhu 60 mm mu dhayamita, zvinosanganisira musanganiswa mafuta uye graphite vari graphite deko;
• neAmerican shanduro imwe graphite hexagonal prisms kuti akanamatirana kusika core.

Muzviitiko zvacho zvose, kuti kutonhora Urume chinosanganisira nehelium pasi kumanikidzwa vanenge 100 atmospheres. The German Hurongwa nehelium ichipfuura pakakoromorwa iri paiva idenderedzwa mafuta okunze, uye muna US - kuburikidza mawindo ari graphite prisms akaronga achitevedza nechepakati akabatana ari reactor core. Both nzira inogona kushanda panguva yakakwirira chaizvo kutonhora, sezvo graphite aine chaizvo mukuru sublimation tembiricha, uye mishonga inert nehelium zvachose. Hot nehelium anogona kushandiswa zvakananga sechinhu kushanda Urume ari gasi turbine pane mukuru tembiricha kana kupisa zvinogona kushandiswa nokuda generating hwemvura kutenderera mvura.

Liquid-metal reactor yenyukireya: redunhu uye kushanda musimboti

Fast reactors vane yavaibvisa coolant Akagamuchira zvikuru kutarisirwa ari 1960-1970 wacho. Zvino zvikaonekwa kuti kugona kwavo zvichiberekana mafuta yenyukireya munguva yemberi iri pedyo vanofanira kubereka huni indasitiri yenyukireya munhu nokukurumidza Virtual. Pazvakava pachena kuti tarisiro iyi hazvishandi, nechido kwadzikira ari 1980s. Zvisinei, muUnited States, Russia, France, Britain, Japan uye Germany akavaka dzakatevedzana reactors kwakadai. Vazhinji vavo kushanda uranium exchange yakasviba kana musanganiswa plutonium dioxide. Zvisinei, muUnited States, kubudirira mukuru akanga kubudirira pamwe simbi mafuta.

CANDU

Canada akaita pfungwa dzayo kuita pamusoro reactors, dzinoshandisa dzinongoitika uranium exchange. Izvi anobvisa kudiwa chacho vapfume kushandisa kuminamato dzimwe nyika. Mugumisiro mutemo uyu waiva deuterium-uranium exchange reactor (CANDU). Kudzora uye kutonhora yakabereka mvura rinorema. Design uye mashandiro ari reactor yenyukireya ndiko kushandisa tangi waitonhora D ₂ O panguva mumhepo kumanikidzwa. Active nzvimbo zvapararira akaita sepombi zirconium chiwanikwa mafuta rwokuzvarwa uranium exchange, kuburikidza icho kutonhora circulates mvura yaro rinorema. Electricity iri zvinoberekwa kupatsanura kupisa kuchinjirwa iri rinorema mvura coolant, riri rinoparadzirwa kubudikidza hwemvura jenareta. The chiutsi ari yechipiri loop zvino nepano munhu kwakajairika turbine kutenderera.

tsvakurudzo zvivako

Yokutsvakurudza reactor renyukireya riri zvinowanzoshandiswa, nheyo randinogara pakushandisa mvura kutonhora ndiro uye uranium exchange mafuta okunze ari muchimiro pakereke. Inokwanisa kushanda zvakawanda simba siyana kubva mashomanana zana kilowatts kune megawatts. Sezvo simba chizvarwa hakusi chinangwa chikuru tsvakurudzo reactors, ivo nenzira yoku chafariz simba vanowanika, uye arambe achirema pamusoro chinoumba chezita simba neutrons. Zviri parameters izvi zvichabatsira kuti uwandu mano imwe tsvakurudzo reactor kuita ongororo yakananga. Low-simba hurongwa vanowanzotevedzera anoshanda mumayunivhesiti uye inoshandiswa kudzidzisa, uye yakakwirira simba kunodiwa tsvakurudzo mumarabhoritari kunovhenekwa zvinhu uye unhu, uyewo kungopa tsvakurudzo.

The inonyanya tsvakurudzo reactor zvenyukireya, marongerwo uye nhungamiro yokuvhiyiwa sezvinotevera. rinoita nzvimbo yaro iri pakudzika guru rakadzika mudziva mvura. Izvi hwezvekukurukurirana akataura uye gwara yavaive nayo Nyuturoni matanda inogona kuendeswa. Yakaderera simba yomuropa hapana chikonzero kupomba ari coolant, sezvo kuramba ngozi kushanda mamiriro zvakasikwa convection pakati coolant chendangariro yakakwana kupisa nounzenza. Kupisa exchanger Kazhinji riri pamusoro pemvura kana iri repamusoro chikamu dziva apo inopisa mvura iri akaunganidza.

chikepe chokugadza

Original uye chikuru kushandisa zvenyukireya reactors kushandisa kwavo Ngarava dzepasi pemvura. chikuru mukana wavo kuti, mukusiyana kuti Zvisaririra huni combustion enyika kuti generating magetsi havasi zvinoda mhepo. Somugumisiro, yepasi pemvura yenyukireya anogona kuramba anyatsofukidzwa kwenguva refu, uye kwakajairika Diesel-emagetsi yepasi pemvura vanofanira nenguva kumuka pemvura, kumhanya kwavo mhepo Motors. Renyukireya inopa inokosha zvinobatsira Navy ngarava. Nemhaka yake, hapana chikonzero wedzera dzimwe zvengarava kana kubva nyore nyore kwematangi.

Nheyo kushanda ane reactor yenyukireya pamusoro yepasi pemvura Classified. Zvisinei, zvinozivikanwa kuti USA inoshandisa zvikuru zvakapfumisa uranium exchange, uye deceleration uye kutonhora ndiyo mvura chiedza. The namaapuro wokutanga reactor yepasi pemvura renyukireya USS Nautilus akanga kunetseka kwazvo simba tsvakurudzo zvivako. Its yakasiyana chinhu ari mukuru kwazvo reactivity mumucheto, ichipa pakutsanangura nguva kushanda pasina refueling uye kukwanisa restart pashure kugumira. Power Station Ngarava dzepasi pemvura vanofanira kunyarara chaizvo, kuti vasaonekwa. Kusangana nezvinodiwa chaizvo makirasi akasiyana Ngarava dzepasi pemvura siyana yemashoko simba zvinomera zvakatangwa.

US Navy pamusoro vatakuri ndege akashandisa reactor zvenyukireya, nheyo uko vakatenda kuti akakweretwa kubva Ngarava dzepasi pemvura pakukura. Details okuvaka yavo uye vasina rakabudiswa.

Kunze United States, zvenyukireya Ngarava dzepasi pemvura vari UK, France, Russia, China neIndia. Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, magadzirirwo akanga asina kutaurwa, asi zvinonzi vaidavira kuti vane yakafanana chaizvo zvose - iri migumisiro zvakafanana zvinodiwa zvavo rwokugadzira maitiro. Russia ane diki rengarava zvenyukireya dzinopwanya aizi, uyo wakadzikwa zvakafanana reactor sezvinoitwa Ngarava dzepasi pemvura Soviet.

maindasitiri zvivako

For zvinangwa kugadzirwa kwezvombo giredhi plutonium-239 anoshandisa reactor yenyukireya, nheyo randinogara mune yakakwirira zvibereko pamwe yakaderera chechetere simba. Izvi imhaka yokuti-refu mutsigiro plutonium ari chinoumba zvinotungamirira kuunganidza pasingadiwi ²⁴⁰ Pu.

kugadzirwa tritium

Pari huru zvinhu wanika nokuda zvakadai gadziriro iri tritium ⁽³ H kana T) - mhosva nokuda rehydrogen mabhomba. Plutonium-239 ane refu hafu-upenyu makore 24.100, saka imwe nyika ine zvombo zvenyukireya kuti dzinoshandisa maatomu akafanana izvi, sezvo mutemo, vane kupfuura zvakafanira. Kusiyana ²³⁹ Pu, nehafu upenyu tritium ndiwo makore anenge 12. Saka, kugara zvakakodzera uwandu, ichi radioactive isotope rehydrogen kunofanira kuitwa dzose. Mune US, asi Savannah River (South Carolina) Somuenzaniso, une zvakawanda rinorema mvura reactors, izvo zvibereko tritium.

zvinoyangarara simba

Vakasikwa zvenyukireya reactors, anokwanisa kupa magetsi uye hwemvura kudziyisa dzadzimwa kwadzo dzoga. MuRussia, Somuenzaniso, takawana kushandiswa duku simba mugadziriro, zvikuru zvakagadzirirwa kuti tigutse zvido kweArctic nemisha. In China, 10-megawatt chirimwa HTR-10 zvinhu kudziyisa uye Magetsi Research Institute, umo riri. Kugadzirwa reactors duku rwoga dzinodzorwa zvakafanana nezvaanogona vari muSweden uye Canada. Pakati 1960 uye 1972, US Army akashandisa tsindirana mvura reactors kupa kure nezvigadziko mu Zimbabwe uye Antarctica. Vakatsiviwa huni mafuta simba zvirimwa.

nzvimbo ubanguranyika

Uyezve reactors vakasikwa kuti simba uye kufamba muchadenga. Munguva kubva 1967 kusvika 1988, Soviet Union akasimbisa yenyukireya zvivako duku pamusoro "Iziwi rokuti kosmos" satellites kupa michina uye telemetry, asi mutemo uyu rava kuda kutsoropodzwa. Pane kumuduku satellites izvi vakapinda yakapoteredza Pasi, zvichiita radioactive kusvibiswa mumaruwa Canada. The United States vatanga chete kwomwedzi mumwe ane reactor zvenyukireya 1965. Zvisinei, zvirongwa zvavo kushandiswa mune nzvimbo yakadzika mishoni, aigarira tsvakurudzo dzimwe nyika kana ari zvechigarire womudenga chawo kuramba kukudziridzwa. Izvi chokwadi kuva reactor gasi-dzaserera kana mvura-metal yenyukireya, zvinhu misimboti iyo zvinopa chemhando zvinoita tembiricha zvakakodzera kurerutsa kukura redhiyeta. Uyewo, kuti reactor nzvimbo midziyo kuti sezvo chiine sezvinobvira kurerutsa uwandu zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kudzivirirwa, uye yokuderedza uremu panguva kanda uye nzvimbo kutiza. Mafuta vanokwanisa kuchaita nokushanda reactor kwenguva ya nzvimbo kutiza.