The womukati nemamiriro nezvinokambaira. Nemano zvinokambaira kurarama

Zvinokambaira zvikuru yakarongwa kirasi mhuka vertebrate, izvo zvinosanganisira 9.400 marudzi, achitungamirira pasi, dzinenge Semi-hwemvura mararamiro. Munyaya ino, tikaongorora womukati marongerwo uye anokosha nezvinokambaira, uyewo timboona zvimwe chokuita dzezvakatipoteredza adaptations.

Marangwanda uye tsandanyama nezvinokambaira

Kusiyana amphibians, nezvinokambaira nomuzongoza ane kunzwisisa marongerwo uye unosanganisira remuromo, thoracal, lumbar, sacral uye caudal nharaunda. Thoracal vertebrae chokuita mbabvu uye kuumba thorax. Hazvina ndisipo nyoka, asi muzongoza ravo rine kusvika 500 vertebrae. In dzvinyu, kusiyana nyoka, yakatanga zvakanaka muchipfuva, uye muswe nomuzongoza yakasiyana kubva caudal vertebrae vane paiva shwashwa rinenge uye vanogona nyore kuparadzwa. Izvi zvinonzi autotomy. It ane rwokudzivirira ukoshi: chipfuwo unopukunyuka chikara mazino, kurasikirwa chikamu muswe wayo. The tsandanyama wemuTesitamende zvinokambaira rakanyatsojeka kunzwisisa.

Izvi zvinoshandawo, kupfuura zvose, thoracal intercostal tsandanyama kuitawo kufema. Zvinokosha mberi kwave mandibular tsandanyama, uye tsandanyama pakati hadzi mapazi ari zvinokambaira zvakadaro madzvinyu uye makarwe. Anatomically zvikuru kunzwisisa womukati chivako nezvinokambaira (ona tafura pazasi) mugumisiro aromorphoses uye adaptations kuti vavapo mune zvinenge izvi panguva shanduka.

kweropa nhengo

Matambudziko musangano hanya uye zvinokambaira pamusoro kumwoyo. Kuramba kuongorora nechinzwano kwokunze nemamiriro nezvinokambaira, omerera mamiriro ayo uye anoenderana kweropa metabolic kwendangariro. Muviri zvinokambaira zvishoma novimba ambient tembiricha kupfuura amphibians. Kunyange zvakadaro, nezvinokambaira, uye amphibians zvakafanana zviri poikilothermic Utachiona, uye vane tembiricha optimum iri kuwanda - 22 + kuti 38 madhigirii +. zvinokambaira simba kunwa kudzika kudarika amphibians. Izvi imhaka kuwedzera kunzwisisa sechivako mwoyo, uyewo zvishomanana kuparadzana mairi riparadzirwe arterial uye venous ropa. Zvakakurukurwa dzomunyika nemamiriro zvinokambaira, tafura riri pasi apa, anoratidza kuti zvinokambaira vane mbiri kutenderera. Dzavo kweropa kwava yakavharwa, pane mumwoyo asina kukwana partition, riri vashoma chose pamwe nemakarwe, muchiramba buri pakati kuruboshwe naparutivi zvakanaka.

Huru kweropa nhengo ine mbiri atria uye ventricle. Arterial ropa inounganidzwa chokumusoro chikamu ventricle, achipinda nazvo kubva atrium kuruboshwe uye venous - kubva kurudyi. Saka, muna yepazasi zvakanaka ventricular ropa mixes. Panguva systole, oxygenated ropa kusundwa kurudyi kutsemuka chematenga. Mixed ropa kubva kurutivi rworudyi ventricle rworuboshwe anopinda kutsemuka chematenga, uye venous - kubva pasi hafu - the pulmonary tsinga. Kunyange zvazvo, kukurukura womukati nemamiriro zvinokambaira, uye vaviri hurukuro pamusoro systemic riparadzirwe, zvinokosha kufunga kuti haagoni kunzi akazvimirira sezvo arterial uye venous ropa yakasananiswa mune dorsal yeropa.

nezvinokambaira pelvic itsvo

The womukati nemamiriro zvinokambaira kunoratidzwa kuwedzera kunzwisisa marongerwo rimwe vaitungamirira hurongwa - excretion, ndiyo kukura metanephric - pelvic itsvo. Vari iri ventral kurutivi bheseni pamusoro mativi ose cloaca, unobva naro kuburikidza ureters. Panewo dundira. Nyoka nemakarwe riri anatomically havaratidzi kunorondedzerwa. In zvinokambaira Exchange zvigadzirwa, mukusiyana kuti mhuka pasina urea chipo, uye uric acid.

Sei kugaya

zvinokambaira Vazhinji carnivores, kunyange zvinokambaira akadai nedzvinyu nokukurumidza, hamba inowanzorimwa, uyewo zvokudya zvinomera. By kudzidza womukati nemamiriro nezvinokambaira, zviri pachena kuti zvomudumbu chubhu ine nhamba morphological zvinhu chokuita zvinonyatsorehwa kunzwisisa kwakaita sangano. Saka, vakaumba mukanwa yechipiri. Zvinonzi inoumbwa mapfupa uye Anopatsanura dzaiita mhango kubva nasopharyngeal ndima kuvhura kupinda huro fanera idzodzo - yechipiri choanae. The muura ndiyo zvinokambaira wokutanga kuonekwa cecum. Zvomudumbu mumasero: chiropa uye rwatata, kubudisa makemikari uye bile emulsifies lipids. Masvingo yegurokuro uye mudumbu vane tsandanyama uye gobvu ndiro kunyanya kukosha marudzi, Nyenganyenga chikafu rose (semuenzaniso, nyoka) kana guru zvidimbu (nemakarwe). Kuchikoro mabhuku zvipenyu, kudzidza womukati chivako nezvinokambaira (Grade 7), ine yakawanda dzinonakidza chokwadi chokuita goroondo zvokuyamura. Somuenzaniso, makarwe uye nenjiva zvingava yakareba zvose dzimwe mhuka vertebrate pasina chikafu, kuziya mwedzi mitanhatu. For kwomuzvarirwo kugaya nyoka vanoda ambient tembiricha kwete pasi 22 - 25 ° C, zvimwe chiregai mumasero zvomudumbu pave makemikari, uye zvokudya ikavamedza rose, kwete ozeyewa, uye anotanga kuti kuora mudumbu, iyo inotungamirira muchetura uye rufu hwemhuka.

upenyu kutenderera

Uchidzidza dzomunyika marongerwo uye anokwanisa zvinokambaira kurarama, funga nemwaka kuchinja ontogeny yavo. Zvinokonzerwa nokufamba kupisa idioadaptatsy (daily uye pamwaka cyclicity). Somuenzaniso, pakati chitubu zvinokambaira kutungamirira chinoshingaira mararamiro, kubva masikati, apo ivhu uye mhepo iri zvakakwana kudziyirwa kumusoro.

In July - mangwanani August vakawanda mhuka dziri kupfuura basa mangwanani kana manheru, uye masikati ivo anowira ezvinhu zororo. In yechando muna unozvidzora latitudes zvinokambaira dzinorara kwenguva refu, akavanda crevices, maburi kana pasi midzi yemiti. Estivation cho mhando nezvinokambaira, iyo panguva ino, kushaya zvokudya.

Molting mu zvinokambaira

Cyclically kunoitika kwemhuka molting hadzichatori - kushandura ganda rakaoma kuchizvivanza ichibhabhamisa kana horny pachiyero. It inobvawo pamusoro ambient tembiricha. Nyoka dzvinyu Molt zvakakwana, muchiitiko ichi, kuchinja ganda rose, akadana Nightcrawlers. In nemakarwe nguva nenguva exfoliated nomumwe chikero - osteoderms. In nekamba exfoliate ganda munzvimbo dzisina kuchengetedzwa korapaksom uye hwemvura Molt zvakabvira kuchioneka.

goroondo kubereka

By cyclic pezvakaitwa kwemhuka zvipenyu uye richireva dzokubereka basa, rinova nokudzorwa ambient tembiricha. Teererai peculiarities ari womukati nemamiriro nezvinokambaira. The tafura pazasi rinosimbisa kuti zvinokambaira imhuka dioecious, ayo kuburikidza yoku zvemukati muchangosangana.

Akamutevera, nhunzvi mazai akafukidza madzvinyu, nenjiva uye nenyoka Rakaunyana goko, uye makarwe iye madota. Vamwe zvinokambaira, akadai semvumbi, hatching mazai mukati mumuviri. Chiedza anozviratidza kuna pups 12, izvo pakarepo kutanga kupera. Male dzokubereka nadzo rinomiririrwa aiwanzopiwa wokushanda testes, vas deferens uye volfovyh mugero ruchiyerera kupinda cloaca. Nhunzvi vane mbiri ovaries. Jajtceprovoda kuva makomba fanera serin'i zvinosanganisirwawo mu cloaca.

Tsinga uye pfungwa nhengo

The womukati nemamiriro zvinokambaira zvaisazova kwakakwana pasina kudzidza innervation zvomukati uye mashandiro ari analyzers. Uropi ane kunzwisisa maumbirwo.

Associative cortex nzvimbo zvinopa Kugadzirwa vakaumbwa hunenge wegadziriro. nhengo nokuona, kunzwa, kunhuwidza, kubata zvakakwana yakatanga. Nyoka uye dzimwe dzvinyu, akadai munoyerera, ipapo parietal ziso, inova muviri photosensitive.