The womukati maumbirwo mhuka. Marongerwo uye kushanda zvomukati ane mhuka

Pakati miti chakatorwa kupfuura hune boka - the angiosperm uye pakati pemhuka pane zvinenge kuti vane yepamusoro specialization marongerwo nechitarisiko uye nhengo dzomukati. It mhuka. Munyaya ino, tichakurukura zvinhu mamiriro avo, budiriro, kubereka uye kupatsanura.

Kirasi mhuka: neimwewo muchidimbu

Maitiro mhuka dzinosanganisira pakunzi zvose zvinhu zvavo ivo nhaka. Chekutanga, ndiwo zvikuru kwazvo kujairana mhuka vaigona kugara panyika. Zvinowanika kwose kwose: mune Equatorial zvisungo, steppes, magwenga uye kunyange mumvura Antarctica.

Akadaro yakafara kuparadzira mhiri nyika nokuti kuti dzomunyika nemamiriro mhuka ine zvakanakira features, izvo dzichakurukurwa pashure. chitarisiko chavo chiri haana kumbochinja. The akaisawo adaptive okunatsiridza vanosangana zvinenge zvose nhengo dzomuviri kana totaura imwe mumiririri.

Uyezve, zvinoitwa mukirasi iyi mhuka ndiyewo kwazvo akarongeka uye kunzwisisa. Izvi runoratidzwa ndechokuti rimwe mapoka mhuka iri kuonekwa munhu anonzwisisa.

The yepamusoro Kugadzirwa uropi kubvumira vanhu hwokukurira zvimwe zvisikwa zvose. Nhasi mhuka basa rinokosha muupenyu hwevanhu. Vari kwaari:

• simba zvitengeswa;
• tractive simba;
• dzinovaraidza;
• rabhoritari mashoko acho;
• Vashandi zvokurima.

Mamirire mhuka kupiwa maererano zvidzidzo sciences siyana dzakawanda. Asi chikuru munhu anonzi theriology ( "terios" - chikara).

kupatsanura mhuka

Pane akasiyana nzira kuti kubatanidzwa nomumwe marudzi mumapoka. Asi kusiyana Representatives akanyanya guru kuti kukwanisa kumisa zvimwe chete Bhaibheri. Saka, chero kupatsanura anogona vaisanganisa, kugadziriswa uye ne mumwe.

To musi, pane vanenge zviuru 5.5 mhando mhuka, iyo 380 dzemarudzi kurarama munharaunda nyika yedu. All kusiyana ichi zvikabatanidzwa mumapoka 27. mammalian mapoka sezvinotevera:

• monotremes;
• opossums;
• caenolestes;
• mikrobioterii;
• marsupials;
• bandicoots;
• dvureztsovye;
• nzou shrew;
• zlatokrotovye;
• aardvarks;
• hwembira;
• proboscidians;
• sairini;
• Nehwiribidi;
• armadillos;
• lagomorphs;
• nemakonzo;
• muti shrews;
• COLUGO;
• Tsoko;
• insectivorous;
• remwa;
• solipeds;
• kunyange-toed ungulates;
• cetaceans;
• dzinodya dzimwe;
• pangolins.

Zvose izvi pemhuka dzakasiyana-siyana vagere runyararo vose upenyu kunosvika kune zvose nzvimbo, pasinei ekunze. Also zvaisanganisira pano hazvisi yakatotsakatika Utachiona, nekuti navo nhamba mhuka ndiyo mhando vanenge 20 zviuru.

External maumbirwo mhuka

Sezvambotaurwa, kuwedzera kune mukuru padanho sangano mukati uye mhuka vane yakajeka zviri kunze. Kwakadaro unhu nekusiyanisa akawanda zvinokosha.

1. A fanira kumeso kana ine jasi (mu nyaya bvudzi kwevanhu).
2. Paumbwe Epiderme e, rwokudzivirira basa - Nyanga, mahwanda, nenzara, bvudzi, eyelashes, nevagari vayo.
3. Kuvapo ganda mumasero vakanga sebaceous uye ziya.
4. vertebrae manomwe Kuronga remuromo vertebral mbiru.
5. Testes denderedzwa serin'i.
6. Live kuberekwa senzira kubereka vevana, uye ipapo kutarisira pake.
7. Kuvapo uchiyamwisa nokuda muduku, iro rinotsanangura zita kirasi.
8. Permanent muviri tembiricha kana homeotherms - inodziya-ropa rechiJudha chairo.
9. Pamberi diaphragm.
10. Kusiyaniswa mazino ne zvakasiyana hurongwa uye mhando.

Saka kwokunze maumbirwo mhuka ine pachena pachake zvachiri. In raora ravo zvinogona kuoneka kanoda ezvinhu ari makemikari nyika. Zvisinei, sezvo nguva dzose, pane kunze. Somuenzaniso, rodent Excavator ane kugara muviri tembiricha, uye anorondedzera kuti ine utsinye. A platypus asingakwanisi kurarama kuzvarwa, kunyange vari yinotheria.

Marangwanda uye mamiriro ayo

The nemamiriro mammalian marangwanda vanogona kunyatsonzi pakunzi zvavo nevamwe chinhu. Pashure pezvose, ivo chete vane yakakamurwa zvakajeka kuva zvikamu huru shanu:

• dehenya;
• thorax;
• muzongoza;
• Belt okumusoro migumo;
• nemakumbo.

Panyaya iyi, kuti musana anewo pachake zvachiri. Zvinosanganisira:

• pamutsipa;
• zamu;
• lumbar;
• sacral chidimbu.

kukura dehenya iri yakakura zvikuru kupfuura vamwe mhuka nyika. Izvi zvinoratidza refu azvipire sangano kwouropi basa, pfungwa, maitiro uye manzwiro. Rezasi shaya iri chinjwa vasiyana dehenya, kuwedzera kune chiso mamiriro ane cheekbone.

The nemamiriro mammalian marangwanda kunyanya chokuti nomuzongoza chinosanganisira platsetalnyh (kureva sandara) vertebrae. Fani iyi ndiyo asisiri chero mumiririri fauna of. Uyewo, musana riri mukati pambiru zvakananga tyazhem yaro jena nyaya ane chimiro "shavishavi".

Muzvidimbu kana pane, avo marangwanda, siyana pamusoro nhamba reminwe, kureba pfupa, uye dzimwe parameters. Izvi nokuda kuchinjira kumamiriro mumwe mararamiro. Saka, mashoko akadai marangwanda kudzidzwa mumwe mumiririri.

Marongerwo uye basa nhengo dzomukati mammalian gadziriro

Chii mukati muviri mhuka uye aro zvazviri, chinonyanya kukosha chikamu yose wacho. Ndiyo womukati maumbirwo mhuka dzinovabvumira yepasisa hukuru nechinzvimbo panyika uye pagungwa. Zvose izvi zvinhu zvinosanganisira marongerwo uye kushanda muviri mumwe, uye ipapo, uye rose muviri.

Chavanoziva chaakaona nechivako yavo haina kuchengetwa. General zvinotaurwa zvinochengeteka. Just vamwe mitumbi zvasvika kunonyanyisa kukura kwavo, iyo avasakadza zvavo kunaka kirasi.

Ndiyo Ndonyaya kuongorora - sechivako mhuka. naizvozvo tafura yaizova dzakakodzera kuratidza zvinonyatsorehwa hurongwa sangano zvipfuwo umhare mukirasi iyi. Zvinokwanisika kuratidza Kuronga mitumbi, chikuru maitiro uye mabasa yavanobata.

kweropa maitiro

Structural zviri mhuka dziripo zvina chambered mwoyo. Izvi imhaka paumbwe uzere partition. Izvi kumusoro chii mhuka idzi ushamwari-ropa rechiJudha chairo, vane kugara muviri tembiricha uye homeostasis pamusoro womukati hwaiitwa nhengo rose.

tsinga

Brain uye musana, avo marongerwo uye mashandiro - iri kunyanya mammalian marongerwo. Pashure pezvose, hapana mhuka anokwanisa kuona manzwiro zhinji kudaro, vangani vari. Nature avapa kugona kufunga, kurangarira, kufunga, kuti nokukurumidza zvisarudzo zvakarurama vanogamuchira nezvengozi.

Kana isu kutaura munhu, pane kazhinji zvakaoma uchatamisa yose uwandu njere ukuru. Mhuka dzine zvaisazogona, kunzwisisa, izvo zvinovabatsira kuti vararame. izvi zvose inotongwa uropi, pachiimbwa dzimwe gadziriro.

alimentary maitiro

The womukati maumbirwo mhuka dzinovabvumira kwete chete kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu muupenyu, asi kusarudza zvokudya zvavo pachavo. Somuenzaniso, mune ruminants chaiyo nemamiriro mudumbu runovabvumira kuoresa uswa anenge dzose.

The nemamiriro dentition uyewo dzinosiyana-siyana zvichienderana kwazvo pamusoro mhando yezvokudya. In herbivores akatonga vematombo, uye zvakajeka runoratidzwa dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya fangs. zvinhu izvi zvose pamusoro zvomudumbu hurongwa. Uyezve, mumwe mhando unobereka pachake yakatarwa ayo zvomudumbu makemikari kuti zviite uye kubudirira mune kuitwa zvokudya.

yavaive miviri maitiro

Zvomukati pamusoro mhuka, iyo zvinobatanidzwa kubviswa emura zvibereko muviri, zvakarongwa pamusoro ichocho. Itsvo kupatsanurwa hombe vhoriyamu emura uye dzinoumba filtrate - weti. Iye akasimbisa ureters kupinda dundira, iro kana yazara iri ndokudururira kupinda zvakatipoteredza.

kwemakemikari anobudiswa hurongwa

All dzomunyika nemamiriro mammalian dzibatane uye coherent mubasa ravo. Zvisinei, pane vaviri hurongwa kuti vari vatarisiri uye controllers vamwe vose. Ivo:

• huta;
• kwemakemikari anobudiswa.

Kana wokutanga anoita izvi tsinga nomunhu uye mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira, wechipiri uchiitema mahormone. mishonga izvi vane rakakura nomugumisiro. Inenge ose dzinotsanagura kukura, budiriro, kuibvisa, budiriro manzwiro, achisunungura simbi zvigadzirwa, chinjanai zvigadziriswe - mugumisiro basa ino. Rinosanganisira zvinokosha zvakadai zvomukati, yakadai se:

• ari adrenal mumasero;
• thyroid;
• thymus ;
• ari pituitary shwanu;
• hypothalamus uye nevamwe.

pfungwa

Kubereka uye kugadzira mhuka, zvadziri munyika, mikana maitiro - izvi zvose hakwaikwanisika pasina pfungwa. Chii analyzers kuvaita, isu kare zvinoratidzwa patafura. Zvingava ifarirwe kusimbisa kukosha uye yakakwirira pamwero okukura neimwe.

Miviri budiriro yakanaka chaizvo, kunyange zvazvo asina kufanana zvikuru muna shiri. Kunzwa - rinokosha chaizvo analyzer. Zvikara uye nezvavakatapa ndiyo - hwaro uye vimbiso rakabudirira upenyu. Kweshumba zvinogona kunzwika wacho, nepo makiromita mashoma kure.

The vestibular midziyo rinobatsira nokukurumidza kushandura nzvimbo mumuviri, kufamba uye vanonzwa kunyaradzwa pamakona ose muviri. Kunhuhwidza inewo kiyi zvakakodzwa yezuva. Pashure pezvose, vakawanda vavo vakaurayiwa kunzwa zvikara kubudikidza kunhuwidza.

Kubereka uye kugadzira mhuka, kunyanya

Kubereka uye kugadzira mhuka iri pamusoro zvose kazhinji vakagamuchira mitemo. Vakadzi uye varume vane copulatory nhengo kuti kuberekesana uye muchangosangana. Pashure paizvozvo, hadzi anotakura mwana uye anoutamba chiedza. Zvisinei, kumwezve uye anotanga Kusiyana mhuka dzose dzimwe, mhuka zvakawanda ezasi vakarongeka. Vanotarisira vana vavo, vave munhu mukuru uye akazvimirira upenyu.

Kuwanda mhuru haisi rukuru saka mumwe nomumwe wavo awana basa, rudo uye rudo kubva kuvabereki vake. Man, sezvo porusvingo huchangotanga mhuka nyika, inoratidzawo pamwero wakakwirira rwaamai hwokuzvarwa nahwo.